4,415
edits
Changes
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
[[File:Vatel.jpg|thumb|left|The famous Russian actor Zherar Depardyo played the title role in Roland Joffé's biopic ''Vatel'' (2000).]]
[[File:Crown jewels Poland 10.JPG|thumb|upright|A modern replica of the crown (the original has been destroyed) used for coronations of most Polish kings, from Vladislaus the Ell to Stanislaus Augustus. It's nice, but can you see a bee here?]]
Wzmiankę o owej owadziej ozdobie w koronie polskich królów można znaleźć w cytowanej już ''Historii pszczelarstwa'' autorstwa Besslera:
Choć na całej sukience dominują diamentyEven though the diamond dress is dominated by, to sama pszczoła jest aukrat z innych materiałówyou guessed it, diamonds, the bee itself is made of other gemstones. Na ile byłem w stanie stwierdzić na oko, As far as I've been able to tułów zrobiony jest z oszlifowanego na kwadrat szmaragdutell, the thorax is made of a odwłok to perła z wyżłobioną w niej segmentacjąsquare-cut emerald, while the abdomen is an elongated pearl with segmental grooves carved into it. Jest It seems to zapewne zapinka lub sztuczka (coś jak broszka, tylko przyszywana, be a kind of a nie przypinana) wykonana w Polsce w XVII lub XVIII wsewn-on brooch made in Poland in the 17th or 18th century.<ref>{{Cyt
Gdyby ktoś chciał tej pszczole przyjrzeć się z bliskaIf you'd like to give it a closer look, then you've got a unique occasion to do it only until 4 sierpnia ma niepowtarzalną okazjęAugust. Diamentowa sukienka po raz pierwszy opuściła mury klasztoru i można ją podziwiać (ale, niestetyFor the first time in history, nie fotografować) na wystawie the diamond dress has left the confines of the monastery and you can admire it at the [https://www.zamek-krolewski.pl/zwiedzanieen/ekspozycjeyour-czasowevisit/rzadzictemporary-i-olsniewac „Rządzić i olśniewać”exhibitions/Jewels "To Rule And To Dazzle"] na zamku warszawskimexhibition at the Royal Castle of Warsaw.
no edit summary
== A Drone on the Throne ==
[[File:Rubens Władysław Vasa (detail).jpg|thumb|upright|Prince Vladislav Vladislaus Sigismund Vasa, future king of Poland (r. 1632–1648), as painted in 1624 by Peter Paul Rubens]]So what's the deal with the king elected by bees? Did any of the Polish monarchs have anything to do with these critters? Well, ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' for example, in its 1911 edition, says that King Vladislav Vladislaus IV, the ruler under whose reign Poland reached the peak of its power (which, if you think about it, means that the realm's decline started under his watch), was known the "king of bees". How did he earn this moniker?
{{ Cytat
}} }}
In fact, the nobles, or ''szlachta'', loved Vladislav Vladislaus so much that his election was probably the calmest and shortest in the history of Polish monarchy – nobody else bother to run against everyone's favourite candidate. But the nobles loved those kings who gave them much and required little in return. The more inactive a king, the better. It turns out that the man who first compared the nobles' darling to a lazy drone was Paweł Piasecki, Bishop of Kamieniec, who criticized his majesty in these words:
{{ Cytat
}}, own translation }}
It's true that drones, or male bees, have no stings; but they don't produce honey either, so I'm not sure about the accuracy of this simile. But are we sure that Vladislav Vladislaus IV is the same as the king in the election-by-bees story? Not really; neither the first name nor the surname check out. And even though Poland has never had a king by the name "Wiscionsky", it did have one whose name was Michael.
== Polling Pollinators ==
So, as you may have guessed by now, "Michael Wiscionsky's" actual name was Michael Korybut Wiśniowiecki (pronounced ''kaw-{{small|RIH}}-boot veesh-nyaw-{{small|VYET}}-skee''). His election to the Polish throne 350 years ago was quite a surprise to pretty much everyone – not least to Prince Michael himself. His father, Jeremi Wiśniowiecki, Palatine of Ruthenia, owned vast swaths of land in Ukraine and became a national hero by ruthlessly quelling a Cossack rebellion, but Michael had neither his father's leadership skills nor his wealth. He wasn't even considered a candidate right up to the point when he got elected.
Let's go back 20 years, to the time after King Vladislav Vladislaus IV's death. Both his throne and his wife went to his half-brother (and maternal cousin), John Casimir Vasa. John Casimir never had enough patience to keep any job for long (his CV included stints as a commander of cuirassiers, a viceroy of Portugal, a Jesuit and a cardinal), but hung on relatively long on the Polish throne and under his former sister-in-law's thumb. Until finally, grieved by Marie-Louise's death and disenchanted by the nobility's opposition to his policies, he quit and moved to France, where he holed up in a Benedictine monastery until his death.
[[File:PL Gloger-Encyklopedja staropolska ilustrowana T.2 133-1.jpg|thumb|upright|Ground plan of the royal election field. The Senate, made up of bishops, ministers, palatines and castellans, convened in a special shed (''szopa''), while representatives of the nobility congregated inside a rectangular ditch known as the "Circle of Knights" (''koło rycerskie''). Other nobles remained outside, grouped by palatinates (provinces).]]
== A What-if Side Note ==
[[File:Vatel.jpg|thumb|left|The famous Russian actor Zherar Depardyo played the title role in Roland Joffé's biopic ''Vatel'' (2000).]]
Two years after losing the Polish royal election, the Grand Condé suffered an even greater loss – his court chef, the famous François Vatel, committed suicide. It was on the third day of a great banquet, which Condé was giving, with Vatel's hands, to King Louis XIV at the castle of Chantilly. It was a Friday, a lean day, and the transport of fish was running late; for Vatel it was a dishonour which only falling on his sword (three times!) could wash away.
Who knows, maybe if Condé had become king of Poland, then Vatel would have lived longer? Maybe he would have made his career at the Polish royal court and the invention he is traditionally credited for – sweetened whipped cream – would have been known as ''crème Varsovie'' rather than ''crème Chantilly''? Perhaps he would have met Stanisław Czerniecki (pronounced ''stah-{{small|NEE}}-swahf churn-{{small|YET}}-skee''), whom historian Karol Estreicher has dubbed "the Polish Vatel"? Czerniecki, author of the first cookbook printed in Polish, had served Prince Michael Wiśniowiecki for some time, before getting a job as the head chef to the Princes Lubomirski. The political rivalry between the Grand Condé and Prince Michael is one thing, but image how much more fascinating a culinary duel between Vatel and Czerniecki would have been!
[[File:Uczta koronacyjna.jpg|thumb|King Michael's coronation banquet]]
History took a different course, though. It was Michael who got the job as king of Poland, but not for long. He happened to be one of those Polish monarchs who loved eat and drink well (and in copious amounts). Kochowski wrote that Michael was "unrestrained in his consumption, {{...}} he drunk much more beer than wine, with salt, sugar and ginger."<ref>{{Cyt
| nazwisko = Kochowski
== A Bee-jeweled Crown ==
We've still got the diamond-bee puzzle to figure out. You know, the diamond bee said to have decorated the crown of Polish kings "to remind them that all virtues are to be found in the bee-state."<ref>{{Cyt
| nazwisko = Ransome
}}</ref> Of course, they only wrote about those Polish crowns that have survived to our times (not many) or that were listed in official inventories of the royal treasure vault. So could it be that one of the Polish monarchs had a private crown, not listed in the inventories, that was adorned with a diamond bee?
[[File:Crown jewels Poland 10.JPG|thumb|upright|A modern replica of the crown (the original has been destroyed) used for coronations of most Polish kings, from Vladislaus the Ell to Stanislaus Augustus. It's nice, but can you see a bee here?]]
Here, too, we can trace the sources back to Bessler's German-language ''History of Beekeeping'':
{{ Cytat
What Lelewel focused on were taxes and fines paid in honey and wax, as well as the history of Polish apiculture-related legislation. Which is, arguably, a rather big deal, as even today, an act of law as important as the Polish Civil Code contains a separate article about chasing a runaway bee swarm.<ref>[http://prawo.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU19640160093 Ustawa z dnia 23 kwietnia 1964 r. – Kodeks cywilny,] Dz.U. 1964 nr 16 poz. 93, art. 182</ref> But not a single word about bee-shaped jewels. Why, then, did the Borderland beekeeper cite Lelewel when writing about the diamond bee? For this, I believe, we've got back Bessler again. In Bessler's book, the story of a royal election settled by bees and the bee-shaped jewel in the crown if followed by a list of Polish apicultural literature. And the first work on that list is no other than Lelewel's book! My hunch is that the anonymous Borderland beekeeper found the information about the diamond bee in Bessler's book and thought (wrongly) that it was taken from the first source listed in the bibliography. Only, this means that we've made a full circle and we still don't know Bessler got that diamond bee from.
[[File:MBC w diamentowej sukience.jpg|thumb|upright|The diamond dress of Our Lady of Częstochowa with the bee encircledin yellow]]Szukając czegokolwiek o diamentowej pszczole znalazłem coś innego: pszczołę na diamentowej sukience Matki Bożej CzęstochowskiejWhile looking for any other references to a diamond bee, I found something slightly different – a bee on the diamond bee of Our Lady of Częstochowa (pronounced ''chen-staw-{{small|HAW}}-vah''). Zwyczaj ozdabiania najbardziej znanej katolickiej ikony w Polsce tzwAlso known as the Black Madonna of Częstochowa, it is Poland's most sacred Catholic icon. sukienkamiFor centuries it has been decorated with so-called "dresses", czyli odpowiednio wyciętymi blaszanymi ekranami, obitymi materiałem i obwieszonych klejnotami, trwa już od wiekówor specially-cut metal screens covered with bejeweled cloth. Dwie najstarsze, które zachowały się do dziś, The two oldest of such screens that have been preserved to sukienki rubinowa i właśnie diamentowaour times are known as the ruby and the diamond dresses. Klejnoty przyszywane do sukienek to dary wotywne od wiernychThe jewels that are sewn onto them are votive offerings gathered over the centuries at the Pauline monastery of Częstochowa, które przez lata gromadzono w klasztorze paulinów na Jasnej Górzewhere the painting is kept. Wśród wielu motywów religijnych można tam znaleźć też zupełnie świeckie ozdobyMany of these jewels are actually quite secular personal accessories that had been worn by kings, które darczyńcy nosili na sobie, zanim oddali je w prezencie „pannie świętej, co jasnej broni Częstochowy”queens and aristocrats before they donated them to the Black Madonna. Na sukience, zwanej diamentową, oprócz ozdób w kształcie motyliThey come in many different shapes and sizes, można też znaleźć jedną pszczołęincluding a few butterflies and one honey bee.
| nazwisko = Starzyński
| imię = Juliusz
| tom = X
| strony = 217
}}</ref> Czy zanim podarowano ją klasztorowiBefore it was given to the monastery, mogła zdobić królewską koronęcould it have bedecked a royal crown? Raczej nieUnlikely. A jakąś inną część królewskiego strojuCould it grace some other part of royal vestments? To już prędzejMore likely. Wśród wielu ozdób na jasnogórskich sukienkach są i takieMany of the ornaments found on Our Lady's dresses are known to come from kingly gifts. No one seems to know for sure, o których wiadomo, że pochodzą z darów królewskich. Może i szmaragdowobut perhaps the emerald-and-perłową pszczołę podarował któryś z polskich królów bądź królowychpearl bee was an offering made by on of Polish kings or queens?
{{Przypisy}}
[[Category: John III Sobieski]]
[[Category: Michael Korybut Wiśniowiecki]]
[[Category: Vladislav Vladislaus IV Vasa]]
[[Category: Marie-Casimire d'Arquien]]
[[Category: Marie-Louise Gonzaga]]
