Epic Cooking: The Perfect Cook

This post is part of the series: Epic Cooking Food and Drink in “Pan Tadeusz”, the Polish National Epic Breakfast at Judge Soplica’s The Wondrous Taste of Bigos Supper in the Castle The Perfect Cook The Last Old Polish Feast The Decorous Rite of the Mushroom Hunt

This post is part of the series:
Epic Cooking
Food and Drink in “Pan Tadeusz”,
the Polish National Epic

Breakfast at Judge Soplica’s
The Wondrous Taste of Bigos
Supper in the Castle
The Perfect Cook
The Last Old Polish Feast
The Decorous Rite of the Mushroom Hunt

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Once again, we're coming back to Pan Tadeusz, the 19th-century Polish national epic by Adam Mickiewicz. There's still plenty of food and drink in this epic poem to discuss. In this series' previous posts we focused on the first ten books, or chapters; now it's time for the remaining two. There's a considerable difference between books XI and XII, and the earlier parts of the epic. First, there's a leap in time: books I to X are set within five days of the late summer of 1811; then we skip over all of autumn and winter, right into the spring of 1812 – a spring "profuse with events, pregnant with hope", as the poet reminisces. We can also observe a change in culinary terms: in the earlier books, the characters were having their everyday breakfasts, dinners and suppers that weren't any different from those eaten by actual Polish nobility in the early 19th century – which was also what the poet could have remembered from his own youth. But in Book XI, the village of Soplicowo (pronounced saw-pleet-SAW-vaw) is visited by the Polish soldiers serving in Napoleon's Grande Armée, on their way to Moscow. A great feast is given in their honour. Gen. Jan Henryk Dąbrowski (pronounced dawm-BRAWF-skee, the guy the Polish national anthem is about) makes a request "that for the fete, he would like Polish cooking." Therefore, the magnificent banquet consists of Old Polish dishes, whose names sounded foreign even in the ears of Mickiewicz himself – let alone in those of modern Poles! We're going to have a closer look at the feast itself, as described in the epic's final book, in the next post. But first, let's take a peek inside the Soplicowo manor's kitchen, managed by Tribune Hreczecha.

“Hreczecha is My Name”

"When […] unexpectedly shot
First a fly and, soon after, the Tribune's fly-swat."
From an illustration by Michał Elwiro Andriolli (1881).

Let's start by saying a few words about the Tribune himself, one of the more colourful characters in Pan Tadeusz. We don't know his first name, but we do know that his surname was Hreczecha (pronounced, very roughly: gretch-EH-hah). "Tribune" (Polish "wojski", Latin "tribunus") was a medieval title, originally used by officials who took care of knights' wives and children while their husbands were away at war; in Hreczecha's case, it was an unofficial honorific awarded by the local gentry out of respect for the old man. A middle-income nobleman, also known as a grykosiej, or "buckwheat-sower" (in fact, Hreczecha's own surname comes from "hrechka", the Belarusian word for buckwheat), even though he had his own estate (he could afford to give his younger daughter, Tekla, a village in dowry), he preferred to live, along with Tekla, in the household of Judge Soplica, his more affluent friend, distant relative and might-have-been son-in-law (the Judge, in his youth, had been engaged to Marta, the Tribune's elder daughter, but she died before the wedding could take place and he would never marry anyone else). In Soplicowo, the Tribune had the role of a kind of seneschal, managing the Judge's domestic servants.

Earlier, the Tribune "with gentry had spent his life, eating, at assemblies, […] or at council meeting[s]", where he mastered the ancient art of knife throwing. But it was in the realm of hunting that the Tribune was considered a real expert. He had learned this skill as a young man serving at the court of Tadeusz Rejtan, a Polish national hero. The Tribune remembered him not as a model patriot, though, but as a master hunter. As for his choice of game, he would always go for one of two extremes: on the one hand he believed that only large animals with horns, claws or fangs were worthy of being hunted by a nobleman. In his view, chasing hares was a good sport for youngsters and servants. "Hreczecha is my name – was his saying – since King Lech, it's no habit of a single Hreczecha to follow a rabbit." On the other hand, he was spending a lot of time hunting flies. He would always carry a flyswatter around and, when mushroom picking (a popular Polish pastime, then and now), he would forage for fly agarics, a species of fungus used for killing the pesky insects.

The Tribune was also a big talker. He could talk for hours on end about astrology, flies' mating habits, local assemblies and, most of all, about hunting. The poem is interspersed with the Tribune's chatter – often in episodes, as he keeps getting interrupted. He manages to finish only some of his stories by the end of the epic, but there's also one whose ending the poet had to recount in a footnote. Silence made the Tribune feel tired, so whenever he couldn't find anyone to converse with, he would run off to the noisy kitchen.

"The Tribune, that the firewood more easily should
Catch alight, bids that butter be poured on the wood
(In a well-to-do house such waste can be forgiven)."
Etching by Daniel Chodowiecki (1764).

The Tribune, […] Peeved by silence, withdraws to the servants' domain. In the kitchen would rather hear housekeeper's cries, The cook's threats and blows, cookboys' vociferous replies; Until slowly lulled into a calm reverie By roast joints on spits turning monotonously.

— Adam Mickiewicz: Pan Tadeusz, or The Last Foray in Lithuania: A Tale of the Gentry during 1811-1812, translated by Marcel Weyland, Book VI, verses 64–69 Wojski, […] Znudzony ciszą, idzie pomiędzy czeladkę. Woli w kuchennej słuchać ochmistrzyni krzyków, Gróźb i razów kucharza, hałasu kuchcików; Aż go powoli wprawił w przyjemne marzenie Ruch jednostajny rożnów, kręcących pieczenie. — Adam Mickiewicz: Pan Tadeusz, czyli Ostatni zajazd na Litwie: Historia szlachecka z roku 1811 i 1812 we dwunastu księgach wierszem, Lwów-Warszawa-Kraków: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1921, księga VI, wersy 64–69 Original text: Wojski, […] Znudzony ciszą, idzie pomiędzy czeladkę. Woli w kuchennej słuchać ochmistrzyni krzyków, Gróźb i razów kucharza, hałasu kuchcików; Aż go powoli wprawił w przyjemne marzenie Ruch jednostajny rożnów, kręcących pieczenie. — Adam Mickiewicz: Pan Tadeusz, czyli Ostatni zajazd na Litwie: Historia szlachecka z roku 1811 i 1812 we dwunastu księgach wierszem, Lwów-Warszawa-Kraków: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1921, księga VI, wersy 64–69

Maybe this is how he got his culinary expertise?

In his formative years, which he most likely spent at some Jesuit school, the Tribune must have been made to read classic epics, such as Homer's Iliad or Vergil Maro's Aeneid. He would later refer to the latter as "my friend Maro", even though he probably knew the Aeneid 's plot from scholars' commentaries rather than from the epic itself. Mickiewicz too, no doubt, had to read the same classics, in their 18th-century Polish translations, as a schoolboy. And while he didn't think very highly of these translations' poetic value, they must have left a deep impression on his memory. Take, for example, this excerpt from Book XI of Pan Tadeusz:

All now slumber: the soldiers, the leaders, the host; But the Tribune's eyes close not for sleep at his post; For he plans now the feast for the following day, Which will make the house famous for ever and aye […]

— A. Mickiewicz, op. cit., Book XI, verses 99–102 Spali: gospodarz domu, wodze i żołnierze; Oczu tylko Wojskiego sen słodki nie bierze, Bo Wojski ma na jutro biesiadę wyprawić, Którą chce dom Sopliców na wiek wieków wsławić […] Original text: Spali: gospodarz domu, wodze i żołnierze; Oczu tylko Wojskiego sen słodki nie bierze, Bo Wojski ma na jutro biesiadę wyprawić, Którą chce dom Sopliców na wiek wieków wsławić […]

And now compare it with the initial verses of the second book of the Iliad:

All now slumbered: the Gods and the mortal host; But Jove's eyes closed not while in his mind he tost All night long his projects for how to, in Troy, Grace Achilles and thus the Greeks to annoy.

— own paraphrase based on: Homer: Iliads, English translation by Thomas Hobbes; in: Thomas Hobbes: The English Works, edited by Sir William Molesworth, vol. X, London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longman, 1839–1845 Inni spali, bogowie i ziemscy rycerze; Oczu tylko Jowisza sen słodki nie bierze: Ale noc nad tym całą przemyśla troskliwy, Jakby Achilla uczcić, a zgnębić Achiwy. — Homer: Iliada, Polish translation by Franciszek Ksawery Dmochowski, vol. I, Warszawa: w Drukarni Xięży Piarów, 1804, p. 135 Original text: Inni spali, bogowie i ziemscy rycerze; Oczu tylko Jowisza sen słodki nie bierze: Ale noc nad tym całą przemyśla troskliwy, Jakby Achilla uczcić, a zgnębić Achiwy. — Homer: Iliada, Polish translation by Franciszek Ksawery Dmochowski, vol. I, Warszawa: w Drukarni Xięży Piarów, 1804, p. 135

The rhyme is the same, but here we've got the god of all gods making plans for the Trojan War, while there we have a simple nobleman making plans for a dinner. Mind you, it's not the only such parallel; in fact, much of Pan Tadeusz is a parody of an 18th-century Polish translation of the Iliad. Interestingly, Mickiewicz is most likely to paraphrase Homer when he's writing about the Tribune. This is no coincidence; for every time the Tribune gets busy in the kitchen, we're in for some epic cooking!

“A Dear Souvenir of Righteous Customs”

"What the Tribune's perusal makes known, without fail
The skilled cooks at once carry all out to the letter."
Sketch by Jacek Malczewski (1871).

Where did the Tribune get his ideas for all the dishes to be served at the last Old Polish feast from? Well, he didn't rely on his own memory, nor on any home recipes, but he carefully reached for an old printed cookbook.

[The Tribune] held a fly-swat, and with it drove back Greedy insects which fain would the dainties attack; A well-wiped pair of glasses he placed on his head, Drew a book from his bosom, unwrapped it, and read. The volume was entitled: "The Excellent Cook", Every known Polish dish was writ down in this book In detail; Count of Tęczyn would have it on hand When he planned those great dinners in Italy's land Which Holy Father Urban the Eighth so amazed […]

— A. Mickiewicz, op. cit., Book XI, verses 114–122 W ręku ma plackę muszą, owad lada jaki Odpędza wpadający chciwie na przysmaki; Drugą ręką przetarte okulary włożył, Dobył z zanadrza księgę, odwinął, otworzył. Księga ta miała tytuł: "Kucharz doskonały". W niej spisane dokładnie wszystkie specyjały Stołów polskich; podług niej Hrabia na Tęczynie Dawał owe biesiady we włoskiej krainie, Którym się Ojciec Święty Urban Ósmy dziwił […] Original text: W ręku ma plackę muszą, owad lada jaki Odpędza wpadający chciwie na przysmaki; Drugą ręką przetarte okulary włożył, Dobył z zanadrza księgę, odwinął, otworzył. Księga ta miała tytuł: "Kucharz doskonały". W niej spisane dokładnie wszystkie specyjały Stołów polskich; podług niej Hrabia na Tęczynie Dawał owe biesiady we włoskiej krainie, Którym się Ojciec Święty Urban Ósmy dziwił […]

In a footnote, Mickiewicz adds that it's "now a very rare book, published over a hundred years ago by Stanisław Czerniecki." And this is where it gets tricky. A Polish cookbook entitled Kucharz doskonały (The Excellent Cook or The Perfect Cook, depending on how you translate it) did exist, but it was first published only in 1783, which was less than half a century rather than "over a hundred years" before Pan Tadeusz. What's more, it wasn't written by Stanisław Czerniecki (pronounced stah-NEE-swahf churn-YET-skee). It was actually La cuisinière bourgeoise by Menon, translated into Polish and published by Wojciech Wielądko (pronounced VOY-chekh vyeh-LAWND-kaw), a man who otherwise had little to do with catering business. All the Tribune would have found there were French culinary novelties rather than time-honoured Old Polish recipes.

"Now a very rare book, published over a hundred years ago by Stanisław Czerniecki."
A copy of Compendium ferculorum by Stanisław Czerniecki opened on the author's dedication to Princess Helena Tekla Lubomirska.

So what was it about Czerniecki? Well, he was indeed an experienced chef, responsible for setting up aristocratic banquets for thousands of guests and also the author of the first cookbook printed in the Polish language. Only that this book – or, rather, a booklet, as it was small enough to fit into a pocket on one's chest, which was where the Tribune held it – had the bilingual, Latin-Polish title: Compendium Ferculorum albo Zebranie potraw (both parts meaning A Collection of Dishes). And it was – as we shall see in the next post – precisely from this book that the Tribune got the recipes for all the dishes he would serve at the great banquet in Book XII.

Besides, it wasn't only the recipes that Mickiewicz took from the Compendium. The mention of the dinner given by the "Count of Tęczyn" to Pope Urban VIII in Rome was also inspired by the same cookbook, and specifically, by the dedication its author addressed to his employer, Princess Helena Tekla Lubomirska. Princess Lubomirska, the wife of Prince Aleksander Michał Lubomirski, took active part in Polish political life; she was also a great patroness of arts. Wacław Potocki and Jan Andrzej Morsztyn, whom I have quoted in some of my previous posts, dedicated their poems to her, while Czerniecki did the same with his cookbook. In the dedication, he recalled the time when, in 1633, her father, Prince Jerzy Ossoliński, Grand Chancellor of the Crown (roughly equivalent to a prime minister), was sent by the king of Poland as an envoy to the Holy See. At the time, the Polish Commonwealth was at the peak of its might and glory, a fact Ossoliński was not going to let anyone fail to notice. His retinue included the famed winged hussars, crimson-and-gold-upholstered carriages, ten camels carrying opulent presents for the pope, while the prince's mount was dressed in diamonds, pearls and rubies, and deliberately shod with loose golden horseshoes – so that the horse could lose them along the way for everyone to see. The banquet which Ossoliński gave to the pope was without a doubt no less osstentatious. This is how Czerniecki described it:

Still freshly remembered in German and Italian lands is the peerless and greatly impressive legacy of your dear Father, His Grace, Prince Jerzy Ossoliński of blessed memory, Grand Chancellor of the Crown, to the Holy See and to the Vicar of Christ, Urban VIII, which was greatly admired by all the West, as was the splendor of His Grace's court and table, so that the princes and lords of Rome, led by their curiosity, were coming to wonder at the abundance of the dishes and, having seen more than they had heard of, amazed they left. As they could not get enough of the view of this munificence, which left none unsatisfied, one of the Roman princes proclaimed, "Rome is fortunate to receive such an envoy today, who has made the Papal States brighter by his presence."

— Stanisław Czerniecki: Compendium ferculorum albo Zebranie potraw, Kraków: w drukarni Jerzego i Mikołaja Schedlów, 1682, p. [IV–VI], own translation Świeżo pamiętna po dziś dzień w niemieckich i włoskich krajach, nigdy nieporównana i wielkiego podziwienia godna, ś[więtej] pamięci Książęcia J[ego] M[ości] Jerzego na Ossolinie, Wielkiego Kanclerza Koronnego, a najmilszego Rodzica W[aszej] Ks[iążęcej] M[ości], do Stolicy Apostolskiej i Namiestnika Chrystusowego Urbana VIII legacja, która wszystkiemu Zachodniemu Państwu, wielkim będąc podziwieniem, ogłosiła w rozum nieprzebranego Pana, jako i Splendor Dworu, niemniej i aparament [tj. urządzenie] stołu J[ego] M[ości], że książęta i panowie rzymscy uwiedzeni ciekawością na samo tylko obfitych potraw dziwowisko przychodzili, a widząc więcej, niż słyszeli, zdumiawszy się, odchodzili. Szczodrobliwości także nad wszystkimi potrzebnymi do ukontentowania każdego napatrzyć się nie mogli, tak dalece, że jeden z książąt rzymskich rzekł: dziś Rzym szczęśliwy, mając takiego posła, który swoją bytnością wszystko Państwo Rzymskie ozdobił. Original text: Świeżo pamiętna po dziś dzień w niemieckich i włoskich krajach, nigdy nieporównana i wielkiego podziwienia godna, ś[więtej] pamięci Książęcia J[ego] M[ości] Jerzego na Ossolinie, Wielkiego Kanclerza Koronnego, a najmilszego Rodzica W[aszej] Ks[iążęcej] M[ości], do Stolicy Apostolskiej i Namiestnika Chrystusowego Urbana VIII legacja, która wszystkiemu Zachodniemu Państwu, wielkim będąc podziwieniem, ogłosiła w rozum nieprzebranego Pana, jako i Splendor Dworu, niemniej i aparament [tj. urządzenie] stołu J[ego] M[ości], że książęta i panowie rzymscy uwiedzeni ciekawością na samo tylko obfitych potraw dziwowisko przychodzili, a widząc więcej, niż słyszeli, zdumiawszy się, odchodzili. Szczodrobliwości także nad wszystkimi potrzebnymi do ukontentowania każdego napatrzyć się nie mogli, tak dalece, że jeden z książąt rzymskich rzekł: dziś Rzym szczęśliwy, mając takiego posła, który swoją bytnością wszystko Państwo Rzymskie ozdobił.

"This Roman legation was described and depicted multiple times."
Etching by Stefano della Bella (1633).

Of course, Mickiewicz reversed the sequence of events in his poem; if Czerniecki described the Roman banquet as a historical fact in his cookbook, then the same banquet couldn't have been prepared according to the instructions from the same cookbook.

Anyway, it looks like the poet confused two different cookery books (which are, as it happens, the only two surviving Polish-language cookbooks printed before the end of the 18th century) – Czerniecki's Compendium Ferculorum, published in 1682, and Wielądko's The Perfect Cook, published a hundred years later. How did this come to pass? Was it a mistake or poetic license? Maybe The Perfect Cook simply ringed better in the poet's ear than the bland A Collection of Dishes, so Mickiewicz switched the titles on purpose? But if so, then he could have at least explained this manipulation in a footnote. If he hadn't, then perhaps it was because he was genuinely mistaken himself. This conjecture is confirmed by a letter written by Edward Odyniec, who travelled together with Adam Mickiewicz in Italy, where he mentions a worn copy of a piece of culinary literature that the poet always carried in his luggage.

Adam suggested to give a purely Polish-Lithuanian feast, according to ancient recipes from "The Perfect Cook", a tattered old book which he carries around like some treasure in his travelling library and often reads with great pleasure. Obviously, this idea fell through […]

— Edward Odyniec, letter of 28 April 1830, quoted in: Izabela Jarosińska: Kuchnia polska i romantyczna, Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, 1994, p. 62, own translation Adam radził wyprawić [ucztę] czysto polsko-litewską, i to podług starożytnych przepisów "Doskonałego kucharza", to jest starej obdartej książki, którą jak co dobrego ma w podróżnej biblioteczce swojej i odczytuje nieraz z wielką przyjemnością. Ma się rozumieć, że ten projekt upadł […] Original text: Adam radził wyprawić [ucztę] czysto polsko-litewską, i to podług starożytnych przepisów "Doskonałego kucharza", to jest starej obdartej książki, którą jak co dobrego ma w podróżnej biblioteczce swojej i odczytuje nieraz z wielką przyjemnością. Ma się rozumieć, że ten projekt upadł […]

"The volume was entitled: "The Excellent Cook",
Every known Polish dish was writ down in this book…"
Title page of Kucharz doskonały (The Perfect Cook) by Wojciech Wielądko.

Distinguished Mickiewiczologist, Prof. Stanisław Pigoń, once suggested a rather convincing solution to this puzzle: the book that Mickiewicz loved to read when pining for Polish cuisine and dreaming of having an actual Old Polish banquet was indeed Compendium ferculorum, but it was old and tattered, and missing its title page. So Mickiewicz knew very well the contents of the work and the dedication, as well as the author's name, but he was ignorant of the book's title. On the other hand, he probably never read The Perfect Cook, but he might have heard about it; the title could have stuck in his head and he may have later associated it with the mysterious treasure-trove of Old Polish recipes that had somehow found its way into his hands.

And how did it find its way into his hands? Well, it seems that Mickiewicz intended to tell us that through the Tribune's mouth. The Tribune thought his cookbook so precious that he considered it a worthy gift for Gen. Dąbrowski. While presenting the book to the general, he was also going to recount the itinerary the book had travelled until it wandered into Soplicowo.

I doubt if such occasion will come once again That we guests of such standing shall here entertain. You must give many banquets, so, Sir, don't refuse To accept this book, General; it should come of use Whenever foreign monarchs you need entertain, Or a feast even, bah, for Napoleon ordain. But allow me, before you receive it, to tell You by what chance this volume into my hands fell.

— A. Mickiewicz, op. cit., Book XII, verses 217–224 Nie wiem, czy się podobna okazyja zdarzy Częstować w Soplicowie takich dygnitarzy. Widzę, że Pan Jenerał na biesiadach zna się. Niechaj przyjmie tę książkę, ona Panu zda się, Gdy będziesz dla monarchów zagranicznych grona Dawał ucztę, ba, nawet dla Napoleona. Ale pozwól, nim księgę tę Panu poświęcę, Niech powiem, jakim trafem wpadła w moje ręce. Original text: Nie wiem, czy się podobna okazyja zdarzy Częstować w Soplicowie takich dygnitarzy. Widzę, że Pan Jenerał na biesiadach zna się. Niechaj przyjmie tę książkę, ona Panu zda się, Gdy będziesz dla monarchów zagranicznych grona Dawał ucztę, ba, nawet dla Napoleona. Ale pozwól, nim księgę tę Panu poświęcę, Niech powiem, jakim trafem wpadła w moje ręce.

Kopaszewo Palace, Kościan County, Greater Poland

Aaand this is where the Tribune got interrupted again. And there would be no later occasion to pick up the thread. Now that our appetite for an interesting story has been whetted, the dish is being snatched away from our mouths! But don't despair, not all is lost; if something's missing in the canonical version, then maybe we can find it in the deleted scenes? That's right! There's an original manuscript version of Pan Tadeusz with a passage that never made it into print. It says that the Tribune's cookbook originally belonged to a Greater Poland nobleman called Captain Poniński who used this book to give opulent feasts. Before he died, he had given it to his neighbour, Lord Skórzewski (pronounced skoo-ZHEFF-skee), who lived in the village of Kopaszewo (pronounced kaw-pah-SHEH-vaw). His widow, Lady Skórzewska, in turn, offered it to Bartek Dobrzyński, a Lithuanian who often travelled to Greater Poland for business. But Dobrzyński was a poor nobleman with a modest kitchen and had no use of a cookbook meant for aristocratic courts, so he gave it to the Tribune, for the benefit of Judge Soplica's household.

Turew Palace, Kościan County, Greater Poland

There's nothing random about this Greater Poland connection. This region of western Poland is where Mickiewicz stayed for a few months in 1831, while an anti-Russian uprising was raging in the Russian partition of Poland. He wished to join the insurgency, but the border between Russian and Prussian partitions was guarded so well that he got stuck in Greater Poland, that is, on the Prussian side. The uprising had been long quelled when Mickiewicz was still visiting the noble manors of the Prussian partition, sightseeing, romancing and writing poetry. Many of the details of everyday life, allegedly typical for Lithuanian nobility, that you will find in Pan Tadeusz are actually the result of the observations the poet made in Greater Poland. And his precious cookbook – "a dear souvenir of righteous customs", as he wrote in the deleted passage – really did once belong to an Antoni Poniński, who gifted it to Ludwik Skórzewski and whose widow, Honorata Skórzewska, gave it as a present to… no, not to Bartek Dobrzyński, but to Mickiewicz himself, while he was a guest at Kopaszewo.

This was also where he heard the tales of a great banquet of 1812, which Józef Chłapowski, Captain of Kościan, gave in the nearby palace of Turew (pronounced TOO-reff), to the soldiers of the 1st Light Cavalry Regiment of the Imperial Guard (an elite unit of Napoleon's army, made up exclusively of Polish noblemen), his son, Dezydery Chłapowski, among them. Mickiewicz would then poetically transfer this feast from Turew, Greater Poland, to Soplicowo, Lithuania, while also enhancing it with an Old Polish menu inspired by a cookery book he had kept as a dear souvenir of his stay in Lady Skórzewska's manor.

In the Tribune's Kitchen

The Tribune had precious little time to prepare the feast. The army arrived in Soplicowo in the evening and the ceremonial dinner was to take place in the afternoon of the next day. Such a feat would have been impossible in real life, but in the poem it's barely an inconvenience. Anyway, the kitchen was bustling with work all night and all day. How was this work organised?

"Among the smoke's coils, like a white mother-dove,
The white cap of the head-chef flashed, gleaming, above."
Detail of a painting by Wandalin Strzałecki (1884).

Although it was late, The Tribune some cooks quickly from neighbours collects; Soon has five, and they labour, while he them directs. […] What the Tribune's perusal makes known, without fail The skilled cooks at once carry all out to the letter. The work hums, on the tables some fifty knives clatter, Small scullions, black as Satan, run, bustle and scurry, These with wood, those with pailfuls of milk or wine hurry, Into pots pour, and cauldrons; steam gushes; two fellows Take a seat by the range and work hard at the bellows.

— A. Mickiewicz, op. cit., Book XI, verses 109–110, 124–132 Choć spóźniona pora, Wojski zebrał co prędzej z sąsiedztwa kucharzy; Pięciu ich było; służą, on sam gospodarzy. […] Co Wojski wyczytawszy pojmie i obwieści, To natychmiast kucharze robią umiejętni. Wre robota, pięćdziesiąt nożów w stoły tętni, Zwijają się kuchciki, czarne jak szatany: Ci niosą drwa, ci z mlekiem i z winem sagany, Leją w kotły, skowrody, w rondle. Dym wybucha; Dwóch kuchcików przy piecu siedzi, w mieszki dmucha. Original text: Choć spóźniona pora, Wojski zebrał co prędzej z sąsiedztwa kucharzy; Pięciu ich było; służą, on sam gospodarzy. […] Co Wojski wyczytawszy pojmie i obwieści, To natychmiast kucharze robią umiejętni. Wre robota, pięćdziesiąt nożów w stoły tętni, Zwijają się kuchciki, czarne jak szatany: Ci niosą drwa, ci z mlekiem i z winem sagany, Leją w kotły, skowrody, w rondle. Dym wybucha; Dwóch kuchcików przy piecu siedzi, w mieszki dmucha.

So there was one master chef (with the Tribune in this role, obviously), commanding five cooks, who, in turn, shouted orders to scullions, who were doing all the dirty work. If fifty knives were clattering at the same time, then there must have been at least ten scullions to every cook. The Tribune, meanwhile, was just standing in the middle, reading the recipes aloud and making sure they were "carried all out to the letter": take, chop, pour, boil, take, chop, pour, boil…

Naturally, the master chef must been dressed appropriately for his role:

As the chef, a white apron he tied round his waist, Pushed his sleeves to his elbows, a white nightcap placed On his head […]

— A. Mickiewicz, op. cit., Book XI, verses 111–113 Jako kuchmistrz białym się fartuchem opasał, Wdział szlafmycę, a ręce do łokciów zakasał […] Original text: Jako kuchmistrz białym się fartuchem opasał, Wdział szlafmycę, a ręce do łokciów zakasał […]

Again, the white apron didn't just spring out of the poet's imagination, for Master Chef Hrechecha is taken straight out of the "Instruction for the Master Chef" contained in Compendium Ferculorum. It reads as follows:

The master chef should keep his cooks obedient, honest, sober and tidy. […] And he should be setting an example himself, by being neat and clean, sober, attentive, loyal and, most of all, dedicated to his lord and brisk. […] A cook should be tidy, his hair combed, face clean-shaven, hands well-scrubbed, fingernails trimmed, and wearing a white apron; he should be sober, mild-tempered, submissive, quick, well-versed in matters of taste, […] and, above all, willing to serve everyone.

— S. Czerniecki, op. cit., p. 9–10, own translation Ma […] kuchmistrz […] kucharzów w posłuszeństwie, poczciwości, trzeźwości trzymać i ochędóstwie całym […] A sam ma być do tego powodem ochędożny, trzeźwy, czujny, wierny, a nade wszystko panu swemu życzliwy i prędki. […] Kucharz ma być ochędożny z czupryną […] wyczesaną, z ogoloną głową, rękami umytymi, paznokciami oberżnionymi, opasany fartuchem białym, trzeźwy, nieswarliwy, pokorny, chyży, smak dobrze rozumiejący, […] a nade wszystko wszystkim usługujący. Original text: Ma […] kuchmistrz […] kucharzów w posłuszeństwie, poczciwości, trzeźwości trzymać i ochędóstwie całym […] A sam ma być do tego powodem ochędożny, trzeźwy, czujny, wierny, a nade wszystko panu swemu życzliwy i prędki. […] Kucharz ma być ochędożny z czupryną […] wyczesaną, z ogoloną głową, rękami umytymi, paznokciami oberżnionymi, opasany fartuchem białym, trzeźwy, nieswarliwy, pokorny, chyży, smak dobrze rozumiejący, […] a nade wszystko wszystkim usługujący.

By the way, it's quite telling that the word "sober" appears three times in this instruction. It seems that the stereotypical cook of Old Polish times had a tendency to tipple a little too much. The Reverend Jędrzej Kitowicz, as always, describes the problem in a most vivid way:

Wine […] began to be used in cooking […] One part for the dish, and two parts down the gullet of the cook. And when the cook called for wine, he was telling the truth when he said he needed it for the tongue – but for his own, not for the tongue of beef. And were he to be denied anything he requested, he would ruin the dish on purpose, pretending that he didn't have the proper ingredients needed to season it.

— Jędrzej Kitowicz: Customs and Culture in Poland under the Last Saxon King, Oscar E. Swan (trans.), Budapest – New York: Central European University Press, 2019, p. 274 Wina […] zaczęto używać do potraw, […] którego część do potrawy, a dwie części wlał kucharz do gardła. I gdy kucharz wołał wina do ozora, prawdę mówił, że go potrzebował do ozora, ale do swego, nie do wołowego. Niechżeby mu nie dodano czego podług jego woli, z umysłu zepsuł potrawę, udając, iż nie miał zadosyć ingrediencji, których do takiego smaku potrzebował. — O stołach i bankietach pańskich, in: Jędrzej Kitowicz: Opis obyczajów i zwyczajów za panowania Augusta III, vol. 3, Poznań: Edward Raczyński, 1840, p. 154–155 Original text: Wina […] zaczęto używać do potraw, […] którego część do potrawy, a dwie części wlał kucharz do gardła. I gdy kucharz wołał wina do ozora, prawdę mówił, że go potrzebował do ozora, ale do swego, nie do wołowego. Niechżeby mu nie dodano czego podług jego woli, z umysłu zepsuł potrawę, udając, iż nie miał zadosyć ingrediencji, których do takiego smaku potrzebował. — O stołach i bankietach pańskich, in: Jędrzej Kitowicz: Opis obyczajów i zwyczajów za panowania Augusta III, vol. 3, Poznań: Edward Raczyński, 1840, p. 154–155

"When the cook called for wine, he was telling the truth when he said he needed it for the tongue – but for his own, not for the tongue of beef."
Painted by an anonymous 17th-century Italian artist.

We can also see the issue of ever-drunk kitchen staff in Pan Tadeusz; specifically, at the court of a great lord, Pantler Horeszko:

In the castle but Pantler, Milady, and me, The head cook, and two kitchen lads (tipsy all three) […]

— A. Mickiewicz, op. cit., Book II, verses 292–293 W zamku całym był tylko pan Stolnik, ja, Pani, Kuchmistrz i dwóch kuchcików, wszyscy trzej pijani […] Original text: W zamku całym był tylko pan Stolnik, ja, Pani, Kuchmistrz i dwóch kuchcików, wszyscy trzej pijani […]

But in the ideally idyllic Soplicowo this would have been unthinkable. Here everything worked like a charm. If a "perfect cook" ever existed, then it must have been none other than Tribune Hreczecha himself. The effect? A perfect Old Polish-Lithuanian banquet, just as Mickiewicz dreamed it, but realised only on the pages of Pan Tadeusz.

So what was this perfect feast like?

Two things a generous lord to a feast can impart, Unite in Soplicowo: there's plenty, and art.

— A. Mickiewicz, op. cit., Book XI, verses 152–153 Dwie rzeczy, których hojny pan uczty szuka, Łączą się w Soplicowie: dostatek i sztuka. Original text: Dwie rzeczy, których hojny pan uczty szuka, Łączą się w Soplicowie: dostatek i sztuka.

Plenty there was for sure. The Tribune even allowed to pour melted butter on wood, so it would burn brighter. The choice of meats and fishes could make your head spin. It wasn't just plenty, it was excess – which wasn't exactly avoided at lordly banquets. Czerniecki maintained that "melius abundare quam deficere", or "it's always better to have too much than too little." This is how he explained this attitude:

It is the master chef's duty […] not to overspend, although a certain degree of overspending is needed, as it highlights the host's generosity. According to an old proverb, it's better to incur a thaler's worth of loss than a halfpenny's worth of embarrassment. A skilled chef should keep this in mind, not to disgrace his lord with foolish parsimony.

— S. Czerniecki, op. cit., p. 7, own translation A jego [tj. kuchmistrza] jest powinność […] żeby zbytku nie uczynić, który jednak zbytek mierny [tj. w miarę] potrzebny jest, bo jest ozdobą autorów bankietu, według starej przypowieści: lepiej mieć za talar szkody, niżeli za pół grosza wstydu. Na to umiejętny kuchmistrz pamiętać powinien, żeby głupim skąpstwem panu swemu wstydu nie uczynił. Original text: A jego [tj. kuchmistrza] jest powinność […] żeby zbytku nie uczynić, który jednak zbytek mierny [tj. w miarę] potrzebny jest, bo jest ozdobą autorów bankietu, według starej przypowieści: lepiej mieć za talar szkody, niżeli za pół grosza wstydu. Na to umiejętny kuchmistrz pamiętać powinien, żeby głupim skąpstwem panu swemu wstydu nie uczynił.

"Among the attributes of human nature there is love for diverse flavours…"
An excerpt of the original (1682) edition of Compendium Ferculorum.

And what about art? Czerniecki had no doubt that culinary craftsmanship is much more than just a way to satisfy someone's hunger, greed or vanity. It is a full-blown type of art that you won't fully appreciate without proper training and education.

Among the attributes of human nature there is love for diverse flavours, not only out of appetite, but also due to one's intellect, skill and knowledge.

— S. Czerniecki, op. cit., p. [VIII], own translation Między wszystkimi własnościami ludzkimi i te mają ludzie z natury atrybuta, że się w smakach różnych kochają, nie tylko z apetytu, ale też z biegłości, umiejętności i wiadomości. Original text: Między wszystkimi własnościami ludzkimi i te mają ludzie z natury atrybuta, że się w smakach różnych kochają, nie tylko z apetytu, ale też z biegłości, umiejętności i wiadomości.

So what came out of this marriage of plenty and art? That we shall see in the next post.

Bibliography

• Maria Barłowska: Jerzy Ossoliński's legacy to Rome in 1633, in: Silva Rerum, Warszawa: Muzeum Pałacu Króla Jana III w Wilanowie, 17 August 2015
• Stanisław Czerniecki: Compendium ferculorum albo Zebranie potraw, Jarosław Dumanowski, Magdalena Spychaj (eds.), Warszawa: Muzeum Pałacu Króla Jana III w Wilanowie, 2012
• Izabela Jarosińska: Kuchnia polska i romantyczna, Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, 1994
• Andrzej Kuźmiński: Podróże z Panem Tadeuszem, Pępowo: Stowarzyszenie Lokalna Grupa Działania Gościnna Wielkopolska, 2012
• Andrzej Lewandowski: Trojanie w Soplicowie, in: Akant: Miesięcznik literacki, Towarzystwo Inicjatyw Kulturalnych, 28 May 2013
• Marek Piechota: "Pieśni ogromnych dwanaście…": Studia i szkice o "Panu Tadeuszu", Katowice: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego, 2000
  • Zbigniew Jerzy Nowak: Kilka uwag o Wojskim w świetle autografów "Pana Tadeusza", in: "Pieśni ogromnych dwanaście…", p. 13–31
  • Renarda Ocieczek: "Zabytek drogi prawych zwyczajów" – o książce kucharskiej, którą czytywał Mickiewicz, in: "Pieśni ogromnych dwanaście…", p. 171–191

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