Difference between revisions of "Epic Cooking: Supper in the Castle"
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{{Z wizytą w Soplicowie}} | {{Z wizytą w Soplicowie}} | ||
− | This is another post in a series about food in ''Pan Tadeusz'', the Polish national epic by Adam Mickiewicz. While wandering around Europe after his exile from Poland, Mickiewicz always kept in his | + | This is another post in a series about food in ''Pan Tadeusz'', the Napoleonic-era Polish national epic by Adam Mickiewicz. While wandering around Europe after his exile from Russian-ruled Poland, Mickiewicz always kept in his travelling library an “old, worn cookbook”, which he would read from time to time “with great pleasure”, hoping to one day give a “truly Polish-Lithuanian banquet” according to “the ancient recipës”.<ref>Excerpts quoted from a letter by Antoni Edward Odyniec, Mickiewicz’s travel companion, dated 28 April 1830, quoted in: {{Cyt |
| nazwisko = Jarosińska | | nazwisko = Jarosińska | ||
| imię = Izabela | | imię = Izabela | ||
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| wolumin = 6 | | wolumin = 6 | ||
| strony = 165 | | strony = 165 | ||
− | }}</ref> I will write about the title of this book in a different post. For now, it suffices to say that the poet never had the occasion to | + | }}</ref> I will write about the title of this book [[Epic Cooking: The Perfect Cook#“A Dear Souvenir of Righteous Customs”|in a different post]]. For now, it suffices to say that the poet never had the occasion to fulfill his dream of hosting a real-life Old Polish-Lithuanian feast and had to satisfy his culinary fantasies by conjuring up a perfect traditional banquet on the pages of ''Pan Tadeusz'' instead. |
− | He placed his description of an old-fashioned | + | He placed his description of an old-fashioned “Polish dinner” in the books (chapters) XI and XII of the poem. In the earlier books, on the other hand, we can find depictions of the kind of meals the author could remember from his own youth in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (a constituent nation of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which covered not only the territory of the modern-day Republic of Lithuania, but also the much larger Belarus). To him, this was just the ordinary, daily fare of the “land of [his] childhood”. To us, though, it is what the cookery described in his treasured little book was to Mickiewicz – the forgotten world of Old Polish cuisine. And just like Mickiewicz would fantasize about recreating an Old Polish banquet, so would I like to share with you my own vision of a ''Pan Tadeusz''-style supper. Someone someday may actually try to prepare a meal based on the menu I propose here; but for now let’s stick mostly to our imagination. |
== “They Supped Inside the Castle” == | == “They Supped Inside the Castle” == | ||
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| nazwisko = Mickiewicz | | nazwisko = Mickiewicz | ||
| imię = Adam | | imię = Adam | ||
− | | tytuł = Pan Tadeusz, or The Last Foray in Lithuania: A Tale of the Gentry during 1811–1812 | + | | tytuł = Pan Tadeusz, or The Last Foray in Lithuania: A Tale of the Gentry during 1811–1812 |
| inni = translated by Marcel Weyland | | inni = translated by Marcel Weyland | ||
| url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170707131534/http://www.antoranz.net/BIBLIOTEKA/PT051225/PanTad-eng/PT-Start.htm#CONTENTS | | url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170707131534/http://www.antoranz.net/BIBLIOTEKA/PT051225/PanTad-eng/PT-Start.htm#CONTENTS | ||
− | }}, Book I, verses 262–263</ref><br>This and next frames come from Andrzej | + | }}, Book I, verses 262–263</ref><br>This and next frames come from Andrzej Wajda’s 1999 film adaptation of ''Pan Tadeusz''.]] |
− | I already wrote about the chronology of the meals described in ''Pan Tadeusz'' in [[Epic Cooking: Breakfast at Judge | + | I already wrote about the chronology of the meals described in ''Pan Tadeusz'' in [[Epic Cooking: Breakfast at Judge Soplica’s|my post about the epic’s breakfasts]]. As you may or may not remember, there are three afternoon or evening meals described in the first five books of the poem. These include a Friday supper in the Horeszko family’s ruined castle, a Saturday dinner at Judge Soplica’s manor house and a Sunday supper held in the castle again. We’ll try and piece together our menu from the poet’s descriptions of all three meals. |
− | |||
{{ Cytat | {{ Cytat | ||
| <poem>They supped inside the castle. Protase, no permission, | | <poem>They supped inside the castle. Protase, no permission, | ||
− | Unheedful of the | + | Unheedful of the Judge’s express prohibition, |
− | Again in | + | Again in master’s absence the old castle stormed, |
With the plate (as he argued) their seisin affirmed.</poem> | With the plate (as he argued) their seisin affirmed.</poem> | ||
| oryg = <poem>Wieczerzano w zamczysku. Uparty Protazy, | | oryg = <poem>Wieczerzano w zamczysku. Uparty Protazy, | ||
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| nazwisko = Mickiewicz | | nazwisko = Mickiewicz | ||
| imię = Adam | | imię = Adam | ||
− | | tytuł = Pan Tadeusz, or The Last Foray in Lithuania: A Tale of the Gentry during 1811–1812 | + | | tytuł = Pan Tadeusz, or The Last Foray in Lithuania: A Tale of the Gentry during 1811–1812 |
| inni = translated by Marcel Weyland | | inni = translated by Marcel Weyland | ||
| url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170707131534/http://www.antoranz.net/BIBLIOTEKA/PT051225/PanTad-eng/PT-Start.htm#CONTENTS | | url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170707131534/http://www.antoranz.net/BIBLIOTEKA/PT051225/PanTad-eng/PT-Start.htm#CONTENTS | ||
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}}, księga V, wersy 305–308 }} | }}, księga V, wersy 305–308 }} | ||
− | + | Why did Protase (Protazy), a former court usher and now Judge Soplica’s domestic servant, insist on having the supper in the murky ruins of an abandoned castle? Officially, because the castle, more spacious than the Judge’s house, could better accommodate the many guests who arrived for the conclusion of the court case between the Judge and the Count. But as the castle was what the whole litigation was actually about, it was Protase’s idea to prove that the Judge had gained ownership of the ruins through usucaption. In other words, if the Judge had his meals in the castle, then it surely meant that the real estate was legally his. | |
== First Course == | == First Course == | ||
− | [[File:Chłodnik zabielany milcząc żwawo jedli.jpg|thumb|Thaddeus (Tadeusz) Soplica, his uncle Judge Soplica and a Bernardine almsman known as Father Worm are eating a soup whose bright pink colour leaves no doubt that | + | [[File:Chłodnik zabielany milcząc żwawo jedli.jpg|thumb|Thaddeus (Tadeusz) Soplica, his uncle Judge Soplica and a Bernardine almsman known as Father Worm are eating a soup whose bright pink colour leaves no doubt that it’s Lithuanian cold borscht.]] |
− | As you may know, the main meal of the day in Poland begins invariably with soup. It was no different in | + | As you may know, the main meal of the day in Poland begins invariably with a bowl of soup. It was no different in Soplica’s house, except that, just before the soup, the men were served a small apéritif. |
{{ Cytat | {{ Cytat | ||
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The Chamberlain at the very top seat took his place; {{...}} | The Chamberlain at the very top seat took his place; {{...}} | ||
By his side stood the Almsman, the Judge to him next; | By his side stood the Almsman, the Judge to him next; | ||
− | Then the Bernardine uttered a short Latin text; | + | Then the Bernardine uttered a short Latin text; |
The men were given vodka; and all took their seat, | The men were given vodka; and all took their seat, | ||
And Lithuanian cold borscht all proceeded to eat.</poem> | And Lithuanian cold borscht all proceeded to eat.</poem> | ||
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Mężczyznom dano wódkę; wtenczas wszyscy siedli | Mężczyznom dano wódkę; wtenczas wszyscy siedli | ||
I chołodziec litewski milcząc żwawo jedli.</poem> | I chołodziec litewski milcząc żwawo jedli.</poem> | ||
− | | źródło = Mickiewicz, ''op. cit.'', Book I, verses 300–307 (M. | + | | źródło = Mickiewicz, ''op. cit.'', Book I, verses 300–307 (M. Weyland’s translation with modifications) |
}} | }} | ||
− | The Poles have known for a long time that | + | The Poles have known for a long time that there’s nothing better than vodka to open a meal, but the West is only now beginning to discover clear vodka as the perfect apéritif. This is how two East Europeans living in the West, Nicholas Ermochkine and Peter Iglikowski, described it in their book: |
{{ Cytat | {{ Cytat | ||
− | | There is a long tradition confirming | + | | There is a long tradition confirming vodka’s vocation as an ideal aperitif. The custom at the banquets of Polish and Russian nobility was to offer male guests vodka before serving fine wines and quality ales for the remainder of the feast. {{...}} |
The function of a good aperitif is not just to whet the appetite, but to get people in the right mood for what follows. Champagne is a very good aperitif for this purpose, but vodka is even better. {{...}} Two glasses of vodka can {{...}} give a wholly unimagined dimension to the most tiring in-laws in record breaking time. If you want to get the evening off to a good start, then vodka as an aperitif is probably unbeatable. | The function of a good aperitif is not just to whet the appetite, but to get people in the right mood for what follows. Champagne is a very good aperitif for this purpose, but vodka is even better. {{...}} Two glasses of vodka can {{...}} give a wholly unimagined dimension to the most tiring in-laws in record breaking time. If you want to get the evening off to a good start, then vodka as an aperitif is probably unbeatable. | ||
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}} }} | }} }} | ||
− | Why was it only for men, though? Why | + | Why was it only for men, though? Why didn’t the women get any vodka? After all, already in the 18th century, did the Rev. Jędrzej Kitowicz write of Polish noble ladies that they would “often get drunk on vodka”.<ref>{{Cyt |
| tytuł = Opis obyczajów i zwyczajów za panowania Augusta III | | tytuł = Opis obyczajów i zwyczajów za panowania Augusta III | ||
| nazwisko r = Kitowicz | | nazwisko r = Kitowicz | ||
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| rok = 1840 | | rok = 1840 | ||
| strony = 211–212 | | strony = 211–212 | ||
− | }}</ref> Or maybe | + | }}</ref> Or maybe that’s precisely the reason? |
So this what the first course looked like on the first day. Was it any different on the second day? | So this what the first course looked like on the first day. Was it any different on the second day? | ||
− | [[File:Vodka Pan Tadeusz.jpg|thumb|upright|Is this the vodka that | + | [[File:Vodka Pan Tadeusz.jpg|thumb|upright|Is this the vodka that Master Thaddeus (Pan Tadeusz) would quaff to start his meals?]] |
{{ Cytat | {{ Cytat | ||
| <poem>The guests entered in order and stood for the grace: | | <poem>The guests entered in order and stood for the grace: | ||
The Chamberlain at the head of the cloth took his place; {{...}} | The Chamberlain at the head of the cloth took his place; {{...}} | ||
By his side stood the Almsman, the Judge followed next, | By his side stood the Almsman, the Judge followed next, | ||
− | The Bernardine recited a short Latin text; | + | The Bernardine recited a short Latin text; |
Then the men were served vodka, and all took their place | Then the men were served vodka, and all took their place | ||
− | And their cold borscht, in silence, ate at a quick pace.</poem> | + | And their cold borscht, in silence, ate at a quick pace.</poem> |
| oryg = <poem>Goście weszli w porządku i stanęli kołem. | | oryg = <poem>Goście weszli w porządku i stanęli kołem. | ||
Podkomorzy najwyższe brał miejsce za stołem; {{...}} | Podkomorzy najwyższe brał miejsce za stołem; {{...}} | ||
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Podano w kolej wódkę, zaczem wszyscy siedli | Podano w kolej wódkę, zaczem wszyscy siedli | ||
I chołodziec litewski milczkiem żwawo jedli.</poem> | I chołodziec litewski milczkiem żwawo jedli.</poem> | ||
− | | źródło = Mickiewicz, ''op. cit.'', Book III, verses 712–719 (M. | + | | źródło = Mickiewicz, ''op. cit.'', Book III, verses 712–719 (M. Weyland’s translation with modifications) |
}} | }} | ||
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The Chamberlain, as always, the foremost took place, {{...}} | The Chamberlain, as always, the foremost took place, {{...}} | ||
The Almsman was not present, his place occupied | The Almsman was not present, his place occupied | ||
− | By the | + | By the Chamberlain’s wife who sat at his right side. |
The Judge, when he the guests in due order had placed, | The Judge, when he the guests in due order had placed, | ||
− | Blessed the table by saying a short Latin grace; | + | Blessed the table by saying a short Latin grace; |
Then the men were served vodka; their seats all assumed | Then the men were served vodka; their seats all assumed | ||
− | And | + | And whitenèd cold borscht in the silence consumed.</poem> |
| oryg = <poem>Goście weszli w porządku i stanęli kołem; | | oryg = <poem>Goście weszli w porządku i stanęli kołem; | ||
Podkomorzy najwyższe brał miejsce za stołem; {{...}} | Podkomorzy najwyższe brał miejsce za stołem; {{...}} | ||
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Mężczyznom dano wódkę; za czym wszyscy siedli | Mężczyznom dano wódkę; za czym wszyscy siedli | ||
I chłodnik zabielany milcząc żwawo jedli.</poem> | I chłodnik zabielany milcząc żwawo jedli.</poem> | ||
− | | źródło = Mickiewicz, ''op. cit.'', Book V, verses 309–318 (M. | + | | źródło = Mickiewicz, ''op. cit.'', Book V, verses 309–318 (M. Weyland’s translation with modifications) |
}} | }} | ||
− | This ritual repetitiveness of | + | This ritual repetitiveness of Soplica’s meals was adjusted only to the season and to the Catholic calendar of feasts and fasts. In this case, it’s Lithuanian cold borscht, a summertime soup that is still as popular on hot days in both Lithuania and Poland as ''gazpacho'' is in Spain. |
− | There is a linguistic problem here, though. Mickiewicz has used two different terms, | + | There is a linguistic problem here, though. Mickiewicz has used two different terms, ''“chłodnik”''{{czyt|chłodnik}} and ''“chołodziec”''{{czyt|chołodziec}}. Both words derive from the adjective ''“chłodny”'', or “cold”, but while Mickiewiczologists have no doubt that ''“chłodnik”'' refers to a cold soup, there is some disagreement as to what kind of dish ''chołodziec'' was.<ref>{{Cyt |
| tytuł = Pamiętnik Literacki: czasopismo kwartalne poświęcone historii i krytyce literatury polskiej | | tytuł = Pamiętnik Literacki: czasopismo kwartalne poświęcone historii i krytyce literatury polskiej | ||
| url = | | url = | ||
Line 170: | Line 169: | ||
| wolumin = 87/1 | | wolumin = 87/1 | ||
| strony = 141–151 | | strony = 141–151 | ||
− | }}</ref> Is it a regional name for the same soup or an aspic dish? After all, the Russian word | + | }}</ref> Is it a regional name for the same soup or does it refer to an aspic dish? After all, the similar Russian word “холодец” (''kholodets'') refers to a meat-based jelly. It could be possible that this term had filtered into the eastern dialects of Polish. Besides, veal feet in aspic would have paired perfectly with the vodka. |
[[File:Forma do galarety.jpg|thumb|left|upright|An old aspic mould]] | [[File:Forma do galarety.jpg|thumb|left|upright|An old aspic mould]] | ||
− | On the other hand, the vodka was served to men only, but the ''chołodziec'' was consumed by all. | + | On the other hand, the vodka was served to men only, but the ''chołodziec'' was consumed by all. What’s more, there’s no evidence that, in the 19th century, the word was used for aspic anywhere outside certain regions of Russia proper; it’s not attested in either Polish or Belarusian of the time (of course, aspic dishes themselves had been known since the Middle Ages, albeit under other names). Anyway, the oldest translations of ''Pan Tadeusz'' into both Russian and Belarusian treat both ''“chłodnik”'' and ''“chołodziec”'' as referring to a soup. It looks like both Mickiewicz himself and his contemporary translators had no doubts that these two words were synonymous. |
− | + | There’s another interesting difference, though. On the third day, the cold borscht was “whitened”, or clouded with sour cream, but on the first and second days, it wasn’t. Why? One possible explanation would be that the first two days were Friday and Saturday, that is, lean days. In Polish tradition, dairy products, as well as meat, were proscribed on lean days. It was only on Sunday that the same cold borscht was served again, but this time, enhanced with the luxurious additive. Except that if the Soplicas fasted on Saturday, then they must have done it only in the afternoon, because [[Epic Cooking: Breakfast at Judge Soplica’s|for breakfast they’d had not only cream, but even smoked goose breasts, beef tongues, ham and steaks]]! This may be explained away only by the poet’s inconsistency. | |
− | + | So how do you prepare this whitened Lithuanian cold borscht? Here’s a recipë from ''The Lithuanian Cook'', a Polish-language cookbook by Wincentyna Zawadzka. The first edition was published two decades after Mickiewicz had penned ''Pan Tadeusz'', but I suppose the recipë would have been quite similar in his times. Heck, even today Lithuanian cold borscht is still made in pretty much the same fashion. | |
{{ Cytat | {{ Cytat | ||
− | | Grind a large handful of chopped fresh dill with salt. Boil some chopped sorrel, chards or red beetroots and leave to cool down. Add some meat broth, half a gallon of sour cream, mix it all together and adjust the thickness and sourness by adding more broth or cream, so that the soup is white and cloudy. Just before serving, add a few chunks of ice, a few quartered hard-boiled eggs, a few finely chopped cucumbers, threescore crayfish tails or some large cooked fish, or if you | + | | Grind a large handful of chopped fresh dill together with salt. Boil some chopped sorrel, chards or red beetroots and leave to cool down. Add some meat broth, half a gallon of sour cream, mix it all together and adjust the thickness and sourness by adding more of either the broth or the cream, so that the soup is white and cloudy. Just before serving, add a few chunks of ice, a few quartered hard-boiled eggs, a few finely chopped cucumbers, threescore crayfish tails or some large cooked fish, or if you don’t have any, some roasted veal cut into thin stripes. If you have cauliflower or asparagus, then you can add some that was boiled separately in water, cooled down and broken into chunks. |
| oryg = Utarć sporą garść pokrajanego zielonego kopru z solą, odgotować usiekanego szczawiu, botwiny lub buraków czerwonych, ostudzić, włożyć trochę gęstwiny i część rosołu dla kwasu, śmietany pół garnca, zmieszać to wszystko, a w miarę jak będzie gęsto lub kwaśno, rozrzadzać rosołem lub śmietaną, tak aby zupa była biała i zawiesista. Na samym wydaniu włożyć kilka kawałków lodu, kilka jaj na gęsto ugotowanych i pokrajanych na cztery części, parę drobno skrajanych ogórków, kopę szyjek rakowych, lub ugotowanej jakiej dużej ryby, a w niedostatku ich, cielęciny pieczonej, pokrajanej w drobne podłużne paski. Jeżeli są kalafiory lub szparagi, można je dodać w kawałkach, osobno ugotowane w wodzie i ostudzone. | | oryg = Utarć sporą garść pokrajanego zielonego kopru z solą, odgotować usiekanego szczawiu, botwiny lub buraków czerwonych, ostudzić, włożyć trochę gęstwiny i część rosołu dla kwasu, śmietany pół garnca, zmieszać to wszystko, a w miarę jak będzie gęsto lub kwaśno, rozrzadzać rosołem lub śmietaną, tak aby zupa była biała i zawiesista. Na samym wydaniu włożyć kilka kawałków lodu, kilka jaj na gęsto ugotowanych i pokrajanych na cztery części, parę drobno skrajanych ogórków, kopę szyjek rakowych, lub ugotowanej jakiej dużej ryby, a w niedostatku ich, cielęciny pieczonej, pokrajanej w drobne podłużne paski. Jeżeli są kalafiory lub szparagi, można je dodać w kawałkach, osobno ugotowane w wodzie i ostudzone. | ||
| źródło = {{Cyt | | źródło = {{Cyt | ||
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== Second Course == | == Second Course == | ||
− | [[File:Jedzą, piją, a milczą wszyscy.jpg|thumb| | + | [[File:Jedzą, piją, a milczą wszyscy.jpg|thumb|In the film, the Count, Telimena, Thaddeus and Sophie are having something that looks more like string beans, known in Poland as “asparagus beans”, than actual asparagus.]] |
− | Now that we know what they had for soup, | + | Now that we know what they had for soup, let’s find out what was served as the second course. |
{{ Cytat | {{ Cytat | ||
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| oryg = <poem>Po chłodniku szły raki, kurczęta, szparagi, | | oryg = <poem>Po chłodniku szły raki, kurczęta, szparagi, | ||
W towarzystwie kielichów węgrzyna, malagi; {{...}}</poem> | W towarzystwie kielichów węgrzyna, malagi; {{...}}</poem> | ||
− | | źródło = Mickiewicz, ''op. cit.'', Book V, verses 319–320 (M. | + | | źródło = Mickiewicz, ''op. cit.'', Book V, verses 319–320 (M. Weyland’s translation with modifications) |
}} | }} | ||
− | And here | + | And here we’ve got another puzzle which Mickiewiczologists have been trying to figure out for decades. Crayfish was easily available in late summer, chicken possibly too, but asparagus? The season for asparagus is in May, right? So how could it find itself on the table next to the late-summer crayfish? Was it only for the rhyme? Or is this yet another of the poet’s mistakes who seems to have juggled the seasons quite liberally in his work? |
{{ Cytat | {{ Cytat | ||
− | | In this paradise, springtime flowers are in bloom alongside ripening autumn fruits. At the same time, violets and Michaelmas daisies grace some perfect season, in which poppies charm | + | | In this paradise, springtime flowers are in bloom alongside ripening autumn fruits. At the same time, violets and Michaelmas daisies grace some perfect season, in which poppies charm the eye with a “multi-hued show”, in which the pumpkin ripens, farmers harvest grains and mow grass, and the feast of Our Lady of the Herbs falls on Palm Sunday. |
| oryg = W raju tym równocześnie kwitną kwiaty wiosenne i dojrzewają owoce jesieni. W tym samym czasie fiołki i astry zdobią jakiś idealny sezon, w którym mak mami źrenicę wielością „farb żywych, różnych” i w którym dojrzewa arbuz, żniwiarze kończą żniwo i kosi się trawę, a święto Matki Boskiej Zielnej przypada na Niedzielę Palmową. | | oryg = W raju tym równocześnie kwitną kwiaty wiosenne i dojrzewają owoce jesieni. W tym samym czasie fiołki i astry zdobią jakiś idealny sezon, w którym mak mami źrenicę wielością „farb żywych, różnych” i w którym dojrzewa arbuz, żniwiarze kończą żniwo i kosi się trawę, a święto Matki Boskiej Zielnej przypada na Niedzielę Palmową. | ||
| źródło = {{Cyt | | źródło = {{Cyt | ||
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}}, own translation }} | }}, own translation }} | ||
− | [[File:Szparagi w occie.jpg|thumb|upright=.5| | + | [[File:Szparagi w occie.jpg|thumb|upright=.5|Asparagus which I pickled in a fashion inspired by Syrenius’s recipë]] |
− | + | “Disturbed, shaken, uncertain,” we begin to doubt the realism of the epic’s setting. But no, “such master errs not!”<ref>Mickiewicz, ''op. cit.'', Book 12, verse 710</ref> It’s perfectly possible to defend the presence of asparagus in early September. After all, the poet didn’t specify that it was fresh asparagus. And the art of pickling the vegetable had been known in Poland for ages. Here’s a recipë for vinegar-cured asparagus from a 17th-century herbal written by a Polish Renaissance botanist, Prof. Simon Syrenius (Szymon Syreński): | |
{{ Cytat | {{ Cytat | ||
− | | Take fresh [asparagus] sprouts, spread them in bowls, sprinkle with salt and leave in the shade for two days, then douse them with the liquid they emit. And should they not exude any moisture, then wash them in brine and press down with a weight, then put them in a glazed pot, cover well with two parts wine vinegar and one part brine, adding a generous amount of fennel. This way, all year long you may have a fine delicacy on your table. | + | | Take fresh [asparagus] sprouts, spread them in bowls, sprinkle with salt and leave in the shade for two days, then douse them with the liquid they emit. And should they not exude any moisture, then wash them in brine and press down with a weight, then put them in a glazed pot, cover well with two parts wine vinegar and one part brine, adding a generous amount of fennel. This way, all year long you may have a fine delicacy on your table. |
| oryg = Biorą {{...}} kiełki [szparagów] świeże, a rozłożywszy je na misach albo nieckach, potrząść je solą, a przez dwa dni tak ich niechać w cieniu, potem polać je onym sokiem albo juchą przez siebie puszczoną. A gdzie by żadnej wilgotności znacznej z siebie nie puściły, wtedy w rosole je obmyć, a przyłożywszy je jakim ciężarem, wygnieść, potem włożywszy je w polewany garniec nalać na nie dwie części octu winnego, trzecią rosołu, żeby dobrze zagrąznęły, przydawszy zgolemo kopru włoskiego. Tak przez cały rok może być wdzięczny do stołu przysmak. | | oryg = Biorą {{...}} kiełki [szparagów] świeże, a rozłożywszy je na misach albo nieckach, potrząść je solą, a przez dwa dni tak ich niechać w cieniu, potem polać je onym sokiem albo juchą przez siebie puszczoną. A gdzie by żadnej wilgotności znacznej z siebie nie puściły, wtedy w rosole je obmyć, a przyłożywszy je jakim ciężarem, wygnieść, potem włożywszy je w polewany garniec nalać na nie dwie części octu winnego, trzecią rosołu, żeby dobrze zagrąznęły, przydawszy zgolemo kopru włoskiego. Tak przez cały rok może być wdzięczny do stołu przysmak. | ||
| źródło = {{Cyt | | źródło = {{Cyt | ||
Line 254: | Line 253: | ||
}}, own translation }} | }}, own translation }} | ||
− | Very well, but how do you combine these pickles with chicken and crayfish into one dish? | + | Very well, but how do you combine these pickles with chicken and crayfish into one dish? Let’s consult ''The Lithuanian Cook'' once again. We can find there a recipë for “chicken with mayonnaise”, elegantly garnished with, that’s right, asparagus and crayfish (and cauliflower to boot). |
[[File:Chłodnik, raki i szparagi.jpg|thumb|upright|Vodka, cold borscht, crayfish and pickled asparagus]] | [[File:Chłodnik, raki i szparagi.jpg|thumb|upright|Vodka, cold borscht, crayfish and pickled asparagus]] | ||
{{ Cytat | {{ Cytat | ||
− | | Put whole young, well- | + | | Put whole young, well-fattened chickens into vegetable broth, along with a spoonful of butter, a chunk of beef or pork and cook under cover. Once they are soft, retrieve them, let cool, cut into pieces and remove the skin. Arrange them on a platter, dress with mayonnaise and garnish with cooked asparagus, cauliflower, crayfish tails (which should have been first bathed in vinegar with olive oil) and serve with a cold sauce of hard-boiled yolks ground together with sugar, vinegar and olive oil. |
| oryg = Młode, tłuste i dobrze oprawione kurczęta włożyć w całku do ugotowanego smaku z włoszczyzny, łyżki masła i kawałka mięsa lub świniny, i w nim pod pokrywą ugotować. Skoro będą miękkie, wyjąć, ostudzić, rozebrać na części i zdjąć skórkę. Ułożyć na półmisek, ubrać majonezą, obłożyć ugotowanymi szparagami, kalafiorami, rakowymi szyjkami (które wprzód poleżeć powinny w occie z oliwą) i podać do zimnego sosu z roztartych gotowanych żółtków z cukrem, octem i oliwą. | | oryg = Młode, tłuste i dobrze oprawione kurczęta włożyć w całku do ugotowanego smaku z włoszczyzny, łyżki masła i kawałka mięsa lub świniny, i w nim pod pokrywą ugotować. Skoro będą miękkie, wyjąć, ostudzić, rozebrać na części i zdjąć skórkę. Ułożyć na półmisek, ubrać majonezą, obłożyć ugotowanymi szparagami, kalafiorami, rakowymi szyjkami (które wprzód poleżeć powinny w occie z oliwą) i podać do zimnego sosu z roztartych gotowanych żółtków z cukrem, octem i oliwą. | ||
| źródło = Zawadzka, ''op. cit.'', p. 195, own translation | | źródło = Zawadzka, ''op. cit.'', p. 195, own translation | ||
}} | }} | ||
− | Naturally, if you use pickled asparagus, then | + | Naturally, if you use pickled asparagus, then don’t add too much vinegar into this dish. This quite sour course would have been paired with sweet Malaga wine. And if you’ve got too much asparagus and crayfish on your hands, then you may also add them to your cold borscht, as you could see in the recipë for the first-course dish. |
== Third Course == | == Third Course == | ||
[[File:Wyczha.jpg|thumb|Notary Bolesta (left) is getting the party started.]] | [[File:Wyczha.jpg|thumb|Notary Bolesta (left) is getting the party started.]] | ||
− | After the second course, | + | After the second course, it’s time for the third. What does the poet tell us about it? |
{{ Cytat | {{ Cytat | ||
| <poem>The third course had been served. And then Lord Chamberlain, | | <poem>The third course had been served. And then Lord Chamberlain, | ||
− | In Miss | + | In Miss Rose’s glass pouring a wee drop again, |
− | Pushed a plate to the younger of gherkins and bread, | + | Pushed a plate to the younger of gherkins and bread, |
− | + | “I myself must look after you, daughters,” he said, | |
− | + | “Although clumsy and old.”</poem> | |
| oryg = <poem>Dano trzecią potrawę. Wtem pan Podkomorzy, | | oryg = <poem>Dano trzecią potrawę. Wtem pan Podkomorzy, | ||
Wlawszy kropelkę wina w szklankę panny Róży, | Wlawszy kropelkę wina w szklankę panny Róży, | ||
Line 283: | Line 282: | ||
}} | }} | ||
− | So, not much. All we know that cucumbers were served on the side. But what about the meat? | + | So, not much. All we know is that gherkins or cucumbers were served on the side. But what about the meat? We’re going to have to complete the picture with our own imagination. After a rather light poultry course, I suppose it’s time for something more substantial. And as August and September are mutton season, then why not have some ram meat? Let’s take the first recipë for mutton that we can find in ''The Lithuanian Cook'': |
{{ Cytat | {{ Cytat | ||
− | | Marinate a large mutton roast for a few days in vinegar that has been boiled with spices; remove, press out the liquid, lard with pork fatback and stew on low heat in a saucepan, along with chopped onion, | + | | Marinate a large mutton roast for a few days in vinegar that has been boiled with spices; remove, press out the liquid, lard with sticks of pork fatback and stew on low heat in a saucepan, along with chopped onion, lard, a few juniper berries, various soup greens and a glass of bouillon or wine. Serve with strong bouillon-based gravy mixed with strained roast drippings and seasoned with lemon, capers or olives. |
| oryg = Sporą baranią pieczeń zamarynować na dni kilka w zagotowanym occie z korzeniami; wyjąć, wycisnąć, naszpikować słoniną i tuszyć [t.j. dusić] w rondlu z dodaniem pokrajanej cebuli, słoniny, trochę jałowcowych jagód, różnej włoszczyzny i szklanki bulionu lub wina, na wolnym ogniu. Na wydaniu zalać sosem mocnym bulionowym, zmieszanym z przecedzonym od pieczeni, z dodaniem cytryny, kaparów lub oliwków. | | oryg = Sporą baranią pieczeń zamarynować na dni kilka w zagotowanym occie z korzeniami; wyjąć, wycisnąć, naszpikować słoniną i tuszyć [t.j. dusić] w rondlu z dodaniem pokrajanej cebuli, słoniny, trochę jałowcowych jagód, różnej włoszczyzny i szklanki bulionu lub wina, na wolnym ogniu. Na wydaniu zalać sosem mocnym bulionowym, zmieszanym z przecedzonym od pieczeni, z dodaniem cytryny, kaparów lub oliwków. | ||
| źródło = Zawadzka, ''op. cit.'', p. 105–106, own translation | | źródło = Zawadzka, ''op. cit.'', p. 105–106, own translation | ||
}} | }} | ||
− | And, from the same book, a | + | And, from the same book, a recipë for “stewed cucumbers to be served with mutton”: |
{{ Cytat | {{ Cytat | ||
− | | Take a few or more fresh cucumbers, peel, cut | + | | Take a few or more fresh cucumbers, peel, cut lengthwise, salt and leave for half an hour. Melt a spoonful of butter, sauté a finely chopped onion in it, mix in the cucumbers and stew them until soft. Finally, sprinkle the cucumbers with flour, stew some more, douse with some good bouillon, bring to boil and, when serving, use them as a garnish for the meat. |
| oryg = Kilka lub więcej świeżych ogórków obrać starannie, pokroić wzdłuż, posolić i tak zostawić na pół godziny. Rozpuścić łyżkę masła, podsmażyć w niej drobno usiekaną cebulę, zmieszać z ogórkami i smażyć póki nie zmiękną. Na koniec osypać ogórki mąką, podtuszyć, zalać dobrym bulionem, zagotować, a na wydaniu ugarnirować nimi mięso. | | oryg = Kilka lub więcej świeżych ogórków obrać starannie, pokroić wzdłuż, posolić i tak zostawić na pół godziny. Rozpuścić łyżkę masła, podsmażyć w niej drobno usiekaną cebulę, zmieszać z ogórkami i smażyć póki nie zmiękną. Na koniec osypać ogórki mąką, podtuszyć, zalać dobrym bulionem, zagotować, a na wydaniu ugarnirować nimi mięso. | ||
| źródło = Zawadzka, ''op. cit.'', p. 62, own translation | | źródło = Zawadzka, ''op. cit.'', p. 62, own translation | ||
}} | }} | ||
− | Early September may be somewhat late for fresh cucumbers, but we do know that Sophie (Zosia), | + | Early September may be somewhat late for fresh cucumbers, but we do know that Sophie (Zosia), Thaddeus’s young love interest, picked them with her own hand in her little garden. |
{{ Cytat | {{ Cytat | ||
Line 305: | Line 304: | ||
Without tree, bush or flower: the cucumber hill. | Without tree, bush or flower: the cucumber hill. | ||
Growing gloriously, large-leafed and broadly outspread, | Growing gloriously, large-leafed and broadly outspread, | ||
− | Like a rich verdant carpet they covered the bed. | + | Like a rich verdant carpet they covered the bed. |
− | In its middle a maid moved, in white linen dressed, | + | In its middle a maid moved, in white linen dressed, |
− | To her knees by May greenery concealed and caressed; {{...}}</poem> | + | To her knees by May* greenery concealed and caressed; {{...}}</poem> |
| oryg = <poem>Pod płotem wąskie, długie, wypukłe pagórki, | | oryg = <poem>Pod płotem wąskie, długie, wypukłe pagórki, | ||
Bez drzew, krzewów i kwiatów: ogród na ogórki… | Bez drzew, krzewów i kwiatów: ogród na ogórki… | ||
Line 314: | Line 313: | ||
Pośrodku szła dziewczyna, w bieliznę ubrana, | Pośrodku szła dziewczyna, w bieliznę ubrana, | ||
W majowej zieloności tonąc po kolana; {{...}}</poem> | W majowej zieloności tonąc po kolana; {{...}}</poem> | ||
− | | źródło = Mickiewicz, ''op. cit.'', Book II, verses 430–435 | + | | źródło = Mickiewicz, ''op. cit.'', Book II, verses 430–435<br>* The Polish adjective “majowej”, here mistranslated as “May”, was actually used by Mickiewicz in the now largely forgotten sense of “vividly green”. }} |
− | }} | ||
− | But even if | + | But even if cukes were no longer in season, Zawadzka assures us that “brine-pickled cucumbers may be stewed in the same way”.<ref>{{Cyt |
| nazwisko = Zawadzka] | | nazwisko = Zawadzka] | ||
| imię = [Wincentyna | | imię = [Wincentyna | ||
Line 326: | Line 324: | ||
| rok = 1860 | | rok = 1860 | ||
| strony = 62 | | strony = 62 | ||
− | }}</ref> And so, | + | }}</ref> And so, we’ve got another course that is both greasy and sour: fat mutton marinated in vinegar, pickled gherkins and all of it stewed in lard or butter. This will be accompanied by Hungarian Tokay wine. |
− | == Fourth | + | == Fourth Course == |
{{ Cytat | {{ Cytat | ||
| <poem>{{...}} with the fourth course, | | <poem>{{...}} with the fourth course, | ||
− | Came a servant and quickly threw wide the side doors.</poem> | + | Came a servant and quickly threw wide the side doors.</poem> |
| <poem>{{...}} wtem z potrawą czwartą | | <poem>{{...}} wtem z potrawą czwartą | ||
Wszedł służący, i raptem boczne drzwi otwarto.</poem> | Wszedł służący, i raptem boczne drzwi otwarto.</poem> | ||
Line 337: | Line 335: | ||
}} | }} | ||
− | Whoa, hold on! A fourth course? How many courses were there, then? Well, a minimum of four. A two-course dinner is the norm in what we consider | + | Whoa, hold on! A fourth course? How many courses were there, then? Well, a minimum of four. A two-course dinner is the norm in what we consider traditional Polish cuisine today, but in the 19th century a dinner in a well-to-do home rarely consisted of fewer than four courses. Not counting the dessert. |
− | Alas, all that we know about the fourth course served at Judge | + | Alas, all that we know about the fourth course served at Judge Soplica’s is that it was there. The poet doesn’t tell us anything about what exactly was being eaten. Instead, we have a description of a drunken brawl which broke out during the second supper in the castle. Glasses, bottles, knives, tables, even organ pipes were all used as weapons. When the dust settled, the diners had gone, leaving behind a battlefield strewn with remnants of the feast. Perhaps from these food scraps we can read what had been served towards the end of the meal? |
− | [[File:Podniosłszy w górę ławę ramiony silnemi.jpg|thumb|Gervase (Gerwazy) tilting the table with | + | [[File:Podniosłszy w górę ławę ramiony silnemi.jpg|thumb|Gervase (Gerwazy) tilting the table with “his strong arms”,<ref>Mickiewicz, ''op. cit.'', Book V, verse 727</ref> offering a better view of what was served for the fourth course]] |
{{ Cytat | {{ Cytat | ||
| <poem>No loss there of life human, but benches and chairs | | <poem>No loss there of life human, but benches and chairs | ||
Had legs broken; such wounds, too, the long table bears, | Had legs broken; such wounds, too, the long table bears, | ||
Stripped of cloths and of covers, fell on the plates dying, | Stripped of cloths and of covers, fell on the plates dying, | ||
− | Wet with wine, as a knight on bloody bucklers lying, | + | Wet with wine, as a knight on bloody bucklers lying, |
Among numerous chickens and turkeys stripped nude, | Among numerous chickens and turkeys stripped nude, | ||
From whose breasts, transfixed lately, forks stiffly protrude. | From whose breasts, transfixed lately, forks stiffly protrude. | ||
{{...}} sometimes, forgotten, in some dark nook lain, | {{...}} sometimes, forgotten, in some dark nook lain, | ||
− | Pops a toast to the spirits a flask of champagne.</poem> | + | Pops a toast to the spirits a flask of champagne.</poem> |
| oryg = <poem>W ludziach straty nie było; ale wszystkie ławy | | oryg = <poem>W ludziach straty nie było; ale wszystkie ławy | ||
Miały zwichnione nogi, stół także kulawy, | Miały zwichnione nogi, stół także kulawy, | ||
Line 362: | Line 360: | ||
}} | }} | ||
− | It looks like poultry, including turkeys, returned to the table after the third course. Even though turkeys come originally from America, they became quite popular in Poland not long after | + | It looks like poultry, including turkeys, returned to the table after the third course. Even though turkeys come originally from America, they became quite popular in Poland not long after Columbus’s journeys. On European tables, they quickly replaced other large birds, like peafowl and swans, which from then on were raised mostly for decorative purposes. By the 19th century, the turkey had already been considered a time-honoured Old Polish delicacy. |
− | At Judge | + | At Judge Soplica’s farm, turkeys, chickens and other poultry, including ducks, geese and pigeons, were all raised by an eminent expert, the housekeeper,… |
{{ Cytat | {{ Cytat | ||
− | | <poem>{{...}} a lady of fame, | + | | <poem>{{...}} a lady of fame, |
(Kokosznicka her surname, of family Jendy- | (Kokosznicka her surname, of family Jendy- | ||
kowiczówna); her vital invention so handy | kowiczówna); her vital invention so handy | ||
For husbandry domestic: today widely known, | For husbandry domestic: today widely known, | ||
− | In those days it was still as a novelty shown, | + | In those days it was still as a novelty shown, |
− | Received but as a secret from | + | Received but as a secret from one’s trusted friends, |
− | Until finally published as: | + | Until finally published as: “One Sure Defence |
− | Against Goshawks and Kites, Or, A New Method Simple | + | Against Goshawks and Kites, Or, A New Method Simple |
− | For The Raising of | + | For The Raising of Poultry” {{...}}</poem> |
| oryg = <poem>{{...}} sławna gospodyni. | | oryg = <poem>{{...}} sławna gospodyni. | ||
Zwała się Kokosznicka, z domu Jendykowi- | Zwała się Kokosznicka, z domu Jendykowi- | ||
Line 388: | Line 386: | ||
}} | }} | ||
− | As with many minor characters in ''Pan Tadeusz'', her name is telling; | + | As with many minor characters in ''Pan Tadeusz'', her name is telling; ''“Kokosznicka z domu Jendykowiczówna”'' could be translated as “Mrs. Hen ''née'' Turkey”. Anyway, she had a little, well-meaning, even if sometimes overzealous, helper in Sophie, who fed the poultry with expensive pearl barley. |
{{ Cytat | {{ Cytat | ||
| <poem>Sophie, dressed for the morning, and with her head bare, | | <poem>Sophie, dressed for the morning, and with her head bare, | ||
− | Stood quite still, one hand holding a sieve in the air; {{...}} | + | Stood quite still, one hand holding a sieve in the air; {{...}} |
From the sieve she held, on these heads, beaks and wings fairly, | From the sieve she held, on these heads, beaks and wings fairly, | ||
− | With a hand itself pearl-like, a hail of pearl barley: | + | With a hand itself pearl-like, a hail of pearl barley: |
− | This grain, worthy to grace a | + | This grain, worthy to grace a lord’s table alone, |
And for thickening Lithuanian broth specially grown, | And for thickening Lithuanian broth specially grown, | ||
− | In the | + | In the housekeeper’s storeroom is kept; Sophie thence |
− | To the | + | To the household’s loss, steals the rich grain for her hens.</poem> |
| oryg = <poem>Zosia w porannym stroju i z głową odkrytą | | oryg = <poem>Zosia w porannym stroju i z głową odkrytą | ||
Stała, trzymając w ręku podniesione sito; {{...}} | Stała, trzymając w ręku podniesione sito; {{...}} | ||
Line 407: | Line 405: | ||
Zosia je wykradając z szafek ochmistrzyni | Zosia je wykradając z szafek ochmistrzyni | ||
Dla swego drobiu, szkodę w gospodarstwie czyni.</poem> | Dla swego drobiu, szkodę w gospodarstwie czyni.</poem> | ||
− | | źródło = Mickiewicz, ''op. cit.'', Book V, verses 55–84 (M. | + | | źródło = Mickiewicz, ''op. cit.'', Book V, verses 55–84 (M. Weyland’s translation with modifications) |
}} | }} | ||
− | So how would we cook such a turkey fattened on lordly pearl barley? The chicken served for the second course was boiled, so this time | + | So how would we cook such a turkey fattened on lordly pearl barley? The chicken served for the second course was boiled, so this time let’s have a roast. |
{{ Cytat | {{ Cytat | ||
− | | Pluck and dress young turkeys and leave in a cold place for a few days to let them age. Lard them and salt a little, wrap in paper and roast on a spit, while dousing them with melted butter. When | + | | Pluck and dress young turkeys and leave in a cold place for a few days to let them age. Lard them and salt a little, wrap in paper and roast on a spit, while dousing them with melted butter. When almost done, remove the paper and drench with béchamel sauce; once it becomes golden in colour, remove [the turkey] carefully from the spit, so that [the sauce] doesn’t fall off. To make the béchamel, melt a piece of butter, add a spoonful of flour, mix well, add a pint of milk or cream and three yolks, and bring to boil while stirring {{...}} |
| oryg = Oskubać i oprawić młode indyki, i zostawić tak na parę dni na zimnie aby skruszały; naszpikować, posolić trochę, obwinąć papierem i piec na rożnie, polewając masłem; skoro będą prawie gotowe, odjąć papier i polewać beszamelem, a gdy nabierze złotawego koloru, zdjąć ostrożnie z rożna aby nie opadł. Beszamel tak się urządza: rozpuścić kawałek masła, wsypać łyżkę mąki, rozmieszać, rozprowadzić półkwartą świeżego mleka lub śmietanki, wbić trzy żółtka i zagotować to mocno, mieszając {{...}} | | oryg = Oskubać i oprawić młode indyki, i zostawić tak na parę dni na zimnie aby skruszały; naszpikować, posolić trochę, obwinąć papierem i piec na rożnie, polewając masłem; skoro będą prawie gotowe, odjąć papier i polewać beszamelem, a gdy nabierze złotawego koloru, zdjąć ostrożnie z rożna aby nie opadł. Beszamel tak się urządza: rozpuścić kawałek masła, wsypać łyżkę mąki, rozmieszać, rozprowadzić półkwartą świeżego mleka lub śmietanki, wbić trzy żółtka i zagotować to mocno, mieszając {{...}} | ||
| źródło = Zawadzka, ''op. cit.'', p. 123, own translation | | źródło = Zawadzka, ''op. cit.'', p. 123, own translation | ||
Line 423: | Line 421: | ||
[[File:Telimena zaczyna polowanie.jpg|thumb|In the film, Telimena enjoys some yeast cake with forest fruits, of which there is no word in the poem.]] | [[File:Telimena zaczyna polowanie.jpg|thumb|In the film, Telimena enjoys some yeast cake with forest fruits, of which there is no word in the poem.]] | ||
− | Of desserts that were served at Judge | + | Of desserts that were served at Judge Soplica’s we know nothing. Most of the meals described in the poem were interrupted in some way before the waiters even had the chance to bring in the sweets. The only sweet treat mentioned in ''Pan Tadeusz'' is ''kisiel'' and only in a proverb at that. |
{{ Cytat | {{ Cytat | ||
Line 432: | Line 430: | ||
Z jakim prawem do zamku? Wszak wiesz, przyjacielu, | Z jakim prawem do zamku? Wszak wiesz, przyjacielu, | ||
On Horeszkom dziesiąta woda na kisielu!</poem> | On Horeszkom dziesiąta woda na kisielu!</poem> | ||
− | | źródło = Mickiewicz, ''op. cit.'', Book VI, verses 169–171 (M. | + | | źródło = Mickiewicz, ''op. cit.'', Book VI, verses 169–171 (M. Weyland’s translation with modifications) |
}} | }} | ||
− | If | + | If you’ve never heard of ''kisiel''{{czyt|kisiel}} or of this saying, don’t worry. Mickiewicz apparently thought that even Polish people living outside Lithuania might be unfamiliar with either of these, so he added the following explanatory footnote: |
{{ Cytat | {{ Cytat | ||
− | | Kisiel, a Lithuanian dish, is a kind of jelly made from oatmeal solution; water is poured on oatmeal until all the starchy parts are washed away; hence the proverb. | + | | Kisiel, a Lithuanian dish, is a kind of jelly made from an oatmeal solution; water is poured on oatmeal until all the starchy parts are washed away; hence the proverb. |
| oryg = Kisiel, potrawa litewska, rodzaj galarety, która się robi z rozczynu owsianego; płócze [sic] się wodą, aż póki nie oddzielą się wszystkie cząstki mączne. Stąd przysłowie. | | oryg = Kisiel, potrawa litewska, rodzaj galarety, która się robi z rozczynu owsianego; płócze [sic] się wodą, aż póki nie oddzielą się wszystkie cząstki mączne. Stąd przysłowie. | ||
| źródło = Mickiewicz, ''op. cit.'', explanatory notes, own translation | | źródło = Mickiewicz, ''op. cit.'', explanatory notes, own translation | ||
}} | }} | ||
− | In other words, | + | In other words, “tenth water on ''kisiel''” refers to a very distant relation. The saying is still used in modern Polish, just as ''kisiel'' is still a popular dessert. It’s also a very ancient one, although originally it wasn’t sweet at all. The very word ''“kisiel”'' comes from the verb ''“kisić”'', “to make sour”. The ancient Slavic ''kisiel'' was a mouth-puckering white jelly made from a fermented mixture of water and oat or rye meal. A similar concoction is still used in Poland as the basis for ''żurek'', or white borscht, one of the most popular Polish soups. It was made just as Mickiewicz described it: by pouring water on oatmeal and leaving the starchy solution to ferment until it becomes sour and gelatinous enough to be cut with a knife. For ancient Slavs, this was one of the principal staples. A mythical land of plenty is described in Russian fairy tales as rivers of milk between banks of ''kisiel''. ''The Tale of Bygone Years'', a 12th-century chronicle of Kyivan Ruthenia (or Kievan Rus’), even tells a story of how ''kisiel'' saved the city of Belgorod from an invasion by the nomadic Pechenegs. During the siege, a respected old Belgorodian man advised his compatriots to dig a deep well, fill it with water and oat starch, and wait until it went sour. Then they invited Pecheneg envoys into the city to show them the well, let them try the ''kisiel'' and convince them that they were getting their food straight from the ground, so any further siege made no sense and it would be best for the Pechenegs to go back to the steppe and leave Belgorod alone.<ref>{{Cyt |
| tytuł = Древняя Русь в IX–XI веках: контексты летописных текстов | | tytuł = Древняя Русь в IX–XI веках: контексты летописных текстов | ||
− | | nazwisko r = | + | | nazwisko r = Елена Токарева |
| rozdział = О происхождении сказания о «белгородском киселе» | | rozdział = О происхождении сказания о «белгородском киселе» | ||
| adres rozdziału = https://www.academia.edu/31908844/%D0%9E_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5_To_a_question_about_the_origins_of_Legend_about_Belgorod_kissel | | adres rozdziału = https://www.academia.edu/31908844/%D0%9E_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5_To_a_question_about_the_origins_of_Legend_about_Belgorod_kissel | ||
Line 454: | Line 452: | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
− | Łukasz Gołębiowski, one of the first Polish ethnographers, said that | + | Łukasz Gołębiowski, one of the first Polish ethnographers, said that “the Poles had been always partial to tart dishes, which are somewhat peculiar to their homeland and vital to their health”,<ref>{{Cyt |
| nazwisko = Gołębiowski | | nazwisko = Gołębiowski | ||
| imię = Łukasz | | imię = Łukasz | ||
Line 463: | Line 461: | ||
| rok = 1830 | | rok = 1830 | ||
| strony = 33 | | strony = 33 | ||
− | }}</ref> but it seems to be true for other Slavic | + | }}</ref> but it seems to be true for other Slavic peoples as well. Even so, there must have always been those who tried to balance the sourness with something sweet, be it honey or fruit juices. And so did ''kisiel'' eventually evolve into a sweet, fruit-flavoured dish. Finally, in the 19th century, oatmeal gave way to potato starch and thus the ''kisiel'' we know today was born. The recipë for apple-flavoured ''kisiel'' you can read below, taken from ''The Lithuanian Cook'', is already a relatively modern one; it contains potato starch and sugar, and no fermentation is necessary. |
{{ Cytat | {{ Cytat | ||
− | | Peel and cut the apples, boil them in water until soft and press through a sieve. Season with cinnamon and sugar, add as much water as to get six glasses of the mixture and combine | + | | Peel and cut the apples, boil them in water until soft and press through a sieve. Season with cinnamon and sugar, add as much water as to get six glasses of the mixture and combine some of it with a glass of potato starch. Bring the rest to boil, add the potato-starch mixture and stir for a few minutes while cooking. Wash the mould with water, sprinkle with sugar, fill with the kisiel and leave in a cold place. |
| oryg = Obrać jabłka, pokroić, rozgotować w wodzie, przecedzić przez sito. Zaprawić cynamonem i cukrem, dolać tyle wody, aby było tej masy szklanek sześć, rozprowadzić częścią jej szklankę kartoflowej mąki; resztę zagotować, do wrzącego wlać rozwiedzioną mąkę, wybijając kilka minut łyżką na ogniu. Formę namoczyć wodą, wysypać cukrem, wlać kisiel i postawić na zimnie. | | oryg = Obrać jabłka, pokroić, rozgotować w wodzie, przecedzić przez sito. Zaprawić cynamonem i cukrem, dolać tyle wody, aby było tej masy szklanek sześć, rozprowadzić częścią jej szklankę kartoflowej mąki; resztę zagotować, do wrzącego wlać rozwiedzioną mąkę, wybijając kilka minut łyżką na ogniu. Formę namoczyć wodą, wysypać cukrem, wlać kisiel i postawić na zimnie. | ||
| źródło = Zawadzka, ''op. cit.'', p. 422, own translation | | źródło = Zawadzka, ''op. cit.'', p. 422, own translation | ||
}} | }} | ||
− | + | And finally, just to make the dessert a tad more diverse and make use of some other autumn fruits, let’s add one more recipë from the same source, this one for pear compote. In modern Polish, ''“kompot”'' refers to a popular watery drink made from fruits boiled with sugar. In the 19th century, though, the meaning was closer to the French original, that is, a thick and very sweet fruit syrup. In fact, you could simply buy a tin of pears in syrup, pour them into bowls, add some spices and the effect would be almost the same. | |
− | |||
{{ Cytat | {{ Cytat | ||
− | | Wziąć kilkanaście niewielkich [gruszek], obrać z łupiny, nakroić karbowanym nożem, wydrylować środek, wrzucić do gorącej wody zaprawionej cukrem, cynamonem w kawałkach i goździkami. Skoro [gruszki] będą miękkie, wybrać przez sito, płyn przecedzić, wygotować do niewielkiej ilości, dodać pół funta cukru, {{...}} cytrynę pokrajaną w talerzyki [t.j. w plasterki] bez pestek, wysadzić ulep do gęstości i zalać nim ułożone w salaterce [gruszki]. Jeżeli [gruszki] są duże, to krają się na cząstki. | + | | Take a dozen or more small pears, peel, cut in halves with a grooved knife, remove the cores and throw the pears into boiling water seasoned with sugar, pieces of cinnamon and cloves. Once the pears are soft, scoop them out, strain and reduce the liquid, add half a pound of sugar {{...}} and a sliced lemon without seeds, boil again until thick and pour on the pears arranged in a bowl. If the pears are large, then cut them into chunks. |
− | | źródło = Zawadzka, ''op. cit.'', p. 419–420 | + | | oryg = Wziąć kilkanaście niewielkich [gruszek], obrać z łupiny, nakroić karbowanym nożem, wydrylować środek, wrzucić do gorącej wody zaprawionej cukrem, cynamonem w kawałkach i goździkami. Skoro [gruszki] będą miękkie, wybrać przez sito, płyn przecedzić, wygotować do niewielkiej ilości, dodać pół funta cukru, {{...}} cytrynę pokrajaną w talerzyki [t.j. w plasterki] bez pestek, wysadzić ulep do gęstości i zalać nim ułożone w salaterce [gruszki]. Jeżeli [gruszki] są duże, to krają się na cząstki. |
+ | | źródło = Zawadzka, ''op. cit.'', p. 419–420, own translation | ||
}} | }} | ||
− | == | + | == Full Menu == |
− | + | And so we’ve created a complete menu of a Soplica-style dinner: | |
− | <nomobile>[[File:Pan Tadeusz - menu EN.jpg|center|class=full-page| | + | <nomobile>[[File:Pan Tadeusz - menu EN.jpg|center|class=full-page|Menu of a Soplica-style dinner]]</nomobile><mobileonly>[[File:Pan Tadeusz - menu EN mobile.jpg|center|class=full-page|Menu of a Soplica-style dinner|alt=First course: Lithuanian cold borscht whitened with cream, vodka. Second course: chicken mayonnaies with crayfish and asparagus, malaga wine. Third course: boiled mutton, stewed cucumbers, tokay wine. Fourth course: young turkey hens in bechamel sauce, champagne. Dessert: apple oatmeal jelly, pear compote, old mead.]]</mobileonly> |
{{Przypisy}} | {{Przypisy}} | ||
− | == | + | == Bibliography == |
* {{Cyt | * {{Cyt | ||
| tytuł = Teksty Drugie: Teoria literatury, krytyka, interpretacja | | tytuł = Teksty Drugie: Teoria literatury, krytyka, interpretacja | ||
Line 514: | Line 512: | ||
| nazwisko = Kokosznicka | | nazwisko = Kokosznicka | ||
| imię = O. | | imię = O. | ||
− | | tytuł = | + | | tytuł = One Sure Defence Against Goshawks and Kites, Or, A New Method Simple For The Raising of Poultry |
− | | miejsce = | + | | miejsce = Vilnius |
| rok = 1811 | | rok = 1811 | ||
}} | }} | ||
Line 526: | Line 524: | ||
}} | }} | ||
− | {{Nawigacja|poprz= | + | {{Nawigacja|poprz=Holey Breads|nast=Old Polish Cookery for Beginners}} |
{{Komentarze}} | {{Komentarze}} | ||
Line 534: | Line 532: | ||
[[Category: Turkey (bird)]] | [[Category: Turkey (bird)]] | ||
[[Category: Chicken]] | [[Category: Chicken]] | ||
− | [[Category: | + | [[Category: Kisiel]] |
[[Category: Compote]] | [[Category: Compote]] | ||
[[Category: Malaga]] | [[Category: Malaga]] |
Latest revision as of 17:54, 11 May 2024
Epic Cooking Food and Drink in “Pan Tadeusz”, the Polish National Epic |
Epic Cooking
Food and Drink in “Pan Tadeusz”,
the Polish National Epic
This is another post in a series about food in Pan Tadeusz, the Napoleonic-era Polish national epic by Adam Mickiewicz. While wandering around Europe after his exile from Russian-ruled Poland, Mickiewicz always kept in his travelling library an “old, worn cookbook”, which he would read from time to time “with great pleasure”, hoping to one day give a “truly Polish-Lithuanian banquet” according to “the ancient recipës”.[1] I will write about the title of this book in a different post. For now, it suffices to say that the poet never had the occasion to fulfill his dream of hosting a real-life Old Polish-Lithuanian feast and had to satisfy his culinary fantasies by conjuring up a perfect traditional banquet on the pages of Pan Tadeusz instead.
He placed his description of an old-fashioned “Polish dinner” in the books (chapters) XI and XII of the poem. In the earlier books, on the other hand, we can find depictions of the kind of meals the author could remember from his own youth in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (a constituent nation of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which covered not only the territory of the modern-day Republic of Lithuania, but also the much larger Belarus). To him, this was just the ordinary, daily fare of the “land of [his] childhood”. To us, though, it is what the cookery described in his treasured little book was to Mickiewicz – the forgotten world of Old Polish cuisine. And just like Mickiewicz would fantasize about recreating an Old Polish banquet, so would I like to share with you my own vision of a Pan Tadeusz-style supper. Someone someday may actually try to prepare a meal based on the menu I propose here; but for now let’s stick mostly to our imagination.
“They Supped Inside the Castle”
I already wrote about the chronology of the meals described in Pan Tadeusz in my post about the epic’s breakfasts. As you may or may not remember, there are three afternoon or evening meals described in the first five books of the poem. These include a Friday supper in the Horeszko family’s ruined castle, a Saturday dinner at Judge Soplica’s manor house and a Sunday supper held in the castle again. We’ll try and piece together our menu from the poet’s descriptions of all three meals.
They supped inside the castle. Protase, no permission, | ||||||
— Adam Mickiewicz: Pan Tadeusz, or The Last Foray in Lithuania: A Tale of the Gentry during 1811–1812, translated by Marcel Weyland, Book V, verses 305–308
Original text:
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Why did Protase (Protazy), a former court usher and now Judge Soplica’s domestic servant, insist on having the supper in the murky ruins of an abandoned castle? Officially, because the castle, more spacious than the Judge’s house, could better accommodate the many guests who arrived for the conclusion of the court case between the Judge and the Count. But as the castle was what the whole litigation was actually about, it was Protase’s idea to prove that the Judge had gained ownership of the ruins through usucaption. In other words, if the Judge had his meals in the castle, then it surely meant that the real estate was legally his.
First Course
As you may know, the main meal of the day in Poland begins invariably with a bowl of soup. It was no different in Soplica’s house, except that, just before the soup, the men were served a small apéritif.
The guests entered in order and stood for the grace: | ||||
— Mickiewicz, op. cit., Book I, verses 300–307 (M. Weyland’s translation with modifications)
Original text:
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The Poles have known for a long time that there’s nothing better than vodka to open a meal, but the West is only now beginning to discover clear vodka as the perfect apéritif. This is how two East Europeans living in the West, Nicholas Ermochkine and Peter Iglikowski, described it in their book:
There is a long tradition confirming vodka’s vocation as an ideal aperitif. The custom at the banquets of Polish and Russian nobility was to offer male guests vodka before serving fine wines and quality ales for the remainder of the feast. […]
The function of a good aperitif is not just to whet the appetite, but to get people in the right mood for what follows. Champagne is a very good aperitif for this purpose, but vodka is even better. […] Two glasses of vodka can […] give a wholly unimagined dimension to the most tiring in-laws in record breaking time. If you want to get the evening off to a good start, then vodka as an aperitif is probably unbeatable. |
— Nicholas Ermochkine, Peter Iglikowski: 40 Degrees East: An Anatomy of Vodka, New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2003, p. 24–25 |
Why was it only for men, though? Why didn’t the women get any vodka? After all, already in the 18th century, did the Rev. Jędrzej Kitowicz write of Polish noble ladies that they would “often get drunk on vodka”.[3] Or maybe that’s precisely the reason?
So this what the first course looked like on the first day. Was it any different on the second day?
The guests entered in order and stood for the grace: | ||||
— Mickiewicz, op. cit., Book III, verses 712–719 (M. Weyland’s translation with modifications)
Original text:
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On the third day, the supper started according to the same scheme again, although with some slight modifications:
The guests entered in order and stood for the grace: | ||||
— Mickiewicz, op. cit., Book V, verses 309–318 (M. Weyland’s translation with modifications)
Original text:
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This ritual repetitiveness of Soplica’s meals was adjusted only to the season and to the Catholic calendar of feasts and fasts. In this case, it’s Lithuanian cold borscht, a summertime soup that is still as popular on hot days in both Lithuania and Poland as gazpacho is in Spain.
There is a linguistic problem here, though. Mickiewicz has used two different terms, “chłodnik”🔊 and “chołodziec”🔊. Both words derive from the adjective “chłodny”, or “cold”, but while Mickiewiczologists have no doubt that “chłodnik” refers to a cold soup, there is some disagreement as to what kind of dish chołodziec was.[4] Is it a regional name for the same soup or does it refer to an aspic dish? After all, the similar Russian word “холодец” (kholodets) refers to a meat-based jelly. It could be possible that this term had filtered into the eastern dialects of Polish. Besides, veal feet in aspic would have paired perfectly with the vodka.
On the other hand, the vodka was served to men only, but the chołodziec was consumed by all. What’s more, there’s no evidence that, in the 19th century, the word was used for aspic anywhere outside certain regions of Russia proper; it’s not attested in either Polish or Belarusian of the time (of course, aspic dishes themselves had been known since the Middle Ages, albeit under other names). Anyway, the oldest translations of Pan Tadeusz into both Russian and Belarusian treat both “chłodnik” and “chołodziec” as referring to a soup. It looks like both Mickiewicz himself and his contemporary translators had no doubts that these two words were synonymous.
There’s another interesting difference, though. On the third day, the cold borscht was “whitened”, or clouded with sour cream, but on the first and second days, it wasn’t. Why? One possible explanation would be that the first two days were Friday and Saturday, that is, lean days. In Polish tradition, dairy products, as well as meat, were proscribed on lean days. It was only on Sunday that the same cold borscht was served again, but this time, enhanced with the luxurious additive. Except that if the Soplicas fasted on Saturday, then they must have done it only in the afternoon, because for breakfast they’d had not only cream, but even smoked goose breasts, beef tongues, ham and steaks! This may be explained away only by the poet’s inconsistency.
So how do you prepare this whitened Lithuanian cold borscht? Here’s a recipë from The Lithuanian Cook, a Polish-language cookbook by Wincentyna Zawadzka. The first edition was published two decades after Mickiewicz had penned Pan Tadeusz, but I suppose the recipë would have been quite similar in his times. Heck, even today Lithuanian cold borscht is still made in pretty much the same fashion.
Grind a large handful of chopped fresh dill together with salt. Boil some chopped sorrel, chards or red beetroots and leave to cool down. Add some meat broth, half a gallon of sour cream, mix it all together and adjust the thickness and sourness by adding more of either the broth or the cream, so that the soup is white and cloudy. Just before serving, add a few chunks of ice, a few quartered hard-boiled eggs, a few finely chopped cucumbers, threescore crayfish tails or some large cooked fish, or if you don’t have any, some roasted veal cut into thin stripes. If you have cauliflower or asparagus, then you can add some that was boiled separately in water, cooled down and broken into chunks. | ||||
— [Wincentyna Zawadzka]: Kucharka litewska, Wilno: nakładem autorki, 1860, p. 29, own translation
Original text:
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Second Course
Now that we know what they had for soup, let’s find out what was served as the second course.
Next came crayfish and chicken, asparagus stalks, | ||||
— Mickiewicz, op. cit., Book V, verses 319–320 (M. Weyland’s translation with modifications)
Original text:
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And here we’ve got another puzzle which Mickiewiczologists have been trying to figure out for decades. Crayfish was easily available in late summer, chicken possibly too, but asparagus? The season for asparagus is in May, right? So how could it find itself on the table next to the late-summer crayfish? Was it only for the rhyme? Or is this yet another of the poet’s mistakes who seems to have juggled the seasons quite liberally in his work?
In this paradise, springtime flowers are in bloom alongside ripening autumn fruits. At the same time, violets and Michaelmas daisies grace some perfect season, in which poppies charm the eye with a “multi-hued show”, in which the pumpkin ripens, farmers harvest grains and mow grass, and the feast of Our Lady of the Herbs falls on Palm Sunday. | ||||
— Julian Przyboś: Czytając Mickiewicza, Warszawa: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1965; cyt. w: Halina Szymanderska: Sekret kucharski, czyli co jadano w Soplicowie, Warszawa: Prószyński i S-ka, 1999, p. 6; cyt. w: Agnieszka M. Bąbel: Garnek i księga – związki tekstu kulinarnego z tekstem literackim w literaturze polskiej XIX wieku, in: Teksty Drugie: Teoria literatury, krytyka, interpretacja, 6, Warszawa: Instytut Badań Literackich Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 2000, p. 164, own translation
Original text:
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“Disturbed, shaken, uncertain,” we begin to doubt the realism of the epic’s setting. But no, “such master errs not!”[5] It’s perfectly possible to defend the presence of asparagus in early September. After all, the poet didn’t specify that it was fresh asparagus. And the art of pickling the vegetable had been known in Poland for ages. Here’s a recipë for vinegar-cured asparagus from a 17th-century herbal written by a Polish Renaissance botanist, Prof. Simon Syrenius (Szymon Syreński):
Take fresh [asparagus] sprouts, spread them in bowls, sprinkle with salt and leave in the shade for two days, then douse them with the liquid they emit. And should they not exude any moisture, then wash them in brine and press down with a weight, then put them in a glazed pot, cover well with two parts wine vinegar and one part brine, adding a generous amount of fennel. This way, all year long you may have a fine delicacy on your table. | ||||
— Simon Syrennius: Zielnik, Kraków: 1613, p. 1128–1129, own translation
Original text:
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Very well, but how do you combine these pickles with chicken and crayfish into one dish? Let’s consult The Lithuanian Cook once again. We can find there a recipë for “chicken with mayonnaise”, elegantly garnished with, that’s right, asparagus and crayfish (and cauliflower to boot).
Put whole young, well-fattened chickens into vegetable broth, along with a spoonful of butter, a chunk of beef or pork and cook under cover. Once they are soft, retrieve them, let cool, cut into pieces and remove the skin. Arrange them on a platter, dress with mayonnaise and garnish with cooked asparagus, cauliflower, crayfish tails (which should have been first bathed in vinegar with olive oil) and serve with a cold sauce of hard-boiled yolks ground together with sugar, vinegar and olive oil. | ||||
— Zawadzka, op. cit., p. 195, own translation
Original text:
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Naturally, if you use pickled asparagus, then don’t add too much vinegar into this dish. This quite sour course would have been paired with sweet Malaga wine. And if you’ve got too much asparagus and crayfish on your hands, then you may also add them to your cold borscht, as you could see in the recipë for the first-course dish.
Third Course
After the second course, it’s time for the third. What does the poet tell us about it?
The third course had been served. And then Lord Chamberlain, | ||||
— Mickiewicz, op. cit., Book I, verses 332–336
Original text:
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So, not much. All we know is that gherkins or cucumbers were served on the side. But what about the meat? We’re going to have to complete the picture with our own imagination. After a rather light poultry course, I suppose it’s time for something more substantial. And as August and September are mutton season, then why not have some ram meat? Let’s take the first recipë for mutton that we can find in The Lithuanian Cook:
Marinate a large mutton roast for a few days in vinegar that has been boiled with spices; remove, press out the liquid, lard with sticks of pork fatback and stew on low heat in a saucepan, along with chopped onion, lard, a few juniper berries, various soup greens and a glass of bouillon or wine. Serve with strong bouillon-based gravy mixed with strained roast drippings and seasoned with lemon, capers or olives. | ||||
— Zawadzka, op. cit., p. 105–106, own translation
Original text:
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And, from the same book, a recipë for “stewed cucumbers to be served with mutton”:
Take a few or more fresh cucumbers, peel, cut lengthwise, salt and leave for half an hour. Melt a spoonful of butter, sauté a finely chopped onion in it, mix in the cucumbers and stew them until soft. Finally, sprinkle the cucumbers with flour, stew some more, douse with some good bouillon, bring to boil and, when serving, use them as a garnish for the meat. | ||||
— Zawadzka, op. cit., p. 62, own translation
Original text:
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Early September may be somewhat late for fresh cucumbers, but we do know that Sophie (Zosia), Thaddeus’s young love interest, picked them with her own hand in her little garden.
Near the fence long mounds, convex, with greenery filled, | ||||
— Mickiewicz, op. cit., Book II, verses 430–435 * The Polish adjective “majowej”, here mistranslated as “May”, was actually used by Mickiewicz in the now largely forgotten sense of “vividly green”.
Original text:
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But even if cukes were no longer in season, Zawadzka assures us that “brine-pickled cucumbers may be stewed in the same way”.[6] And so, we’ve got another course that is both greasy and sour: fat mutton marinated in vinegar, pickled gherkins and all of it stewed in lard or butter. This will be accompanied by Hungarian Tokay wine.
Fourth Course
[…] with the fourth course, |
— Mickiewicz, op. cit., Book I, verses 537–538 |
Whoa, hold on! A fourth course? How many courses were there, then? Well, a minimum of four. A two-course dinner is the norm in what we consider traditional Polish cuisine today, but in the 19th century a dinner in a well-to-do home rarely consisted of fewer than four courses. Not counting the dessert.
Alas, all that we know about the fourth course served at Judge Soplica’s is that it was there. The poet doesn’t tell us anything about what exactly was being eaten. Instead, we have a description of a drunken brawl which broke out during the second supper in the castle. Glasses, bottles, knives, tables, even organ pipes were all used as weapons. When the dust settled, the diners had gone, leaving behind a battlefield strewn with remnants of the feast. Perhaps from these food scraps we can read what had been served towards the end of the meal?
No loss there of life human, but benches and chairs | ||||
— Mickiewicz, op. cit., Book V, verses 793–810
Original text:
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It looks like poultry, including turkeys, returned to the table after the third course. Even though turkeys come originally from America, they became quite popular in Poland not long after Columbus’s journeys. On European tables, they quickly replaced other large birds, like peafowl and swans, which from then on were raised mostly for decorative purposes. By the 19th century, the turkey had already been considered a time-honoured Old Polish delicacy.
At Judge Soplica’s farm, turkeys, chickens and other poultry, including ducks, geese and pigeons, were all raised by an eminent expert, the housekeeper,…
[…] a lady of fame, | ||||
— Mickiewicz, op. cit., Book III, verses 28–36
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As with many minor characters in Pan Tadeusz, her name is telling; “Kokosznicka z domu Jendykowiczówna” could be translated as “Mrs. Hen née Turkey”. Anyway, she had a little, well-meaning, even if sometimes overzealous, helper in Sophie, who fed the poultry with expensive pearl barley.
Sophie, dressed for the morning, and with her head bare, | ||||
— Mickiewicz, op. cit., Book V, verses 55–84 (M. Weyland’s translation with modifications)
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So how would we cook such a turkey fattened on lordly pearl barley? The chicken served for the second course was boiled, so this time let’s have a roast.
Pluck and dress young turkeys and leave in a cold place for a few days to let them age. Lard them and salt a little, wrap in paper and roast on a spit, while dousing them with melted butter. When almost done, remove the paper and drench with béchamel sauce; once it becomes golden in colour, remove [the turkey] carefully from the spit, so that [the sauce] doesn’t fall off. To make the béchamel, melt a piece of butter, add a spoonful of flour, mix well, add a pint of milk or cream and three yolks, and bring to boil while stirring […] | ||||
— Zawadzka, op. cit., p. 123, own translation
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And to wash it down – Champagne, which (somewhat surprisingly) is mentioned about as often in Pan Tadeusz as Tokay, the stereotypically favourite wine of Polish nobility.
Dessert
Of desserts that were served at Judge Soplica’s we know nothing. Most of the meals described in the poem were interrupted in some way before the waiters even had the chance to bring in the sweets. The only sweet treat mentioned in Pan Tadeusz is kisiel and only in a proverb at that.
And why, out of the woodwork, did this Count appear? | ||||
— Mickiewicz, op. cit., Book VI, verses 169–171 (M. Weyland’s translation with modifications)
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If you’ve never heard of kisiel🔊 or of this saying, don’t worry. Mickiewicz apparently thought that even Polish people living outside Lithuania might be unfamiliar with either of these, so he added the following explanatory footnote:
Kisiel, a Lithuanian dish, is a kind of jelly made from an oatmeal solution; water is poured on oatmeal until all the starchy parts are washed away; hence the proverb. | ||||
— Mickiewicz, op. cit., explanatory notes, own translation
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In other words, “tenth water on kisiel” refers to a very distant relation. The saying is still used in modern Polish, just as kisiel is still a popular dessert. It’s also a very ancient one, although originally it wasn’t sweet at all. The very word “kisiel” comes from the verb “kisić”, “to make sour”. The ancient Slavic kisiel was a mouth-puckering white jelly made from a fermented mixture of water and oat or rye meal. A similar concoction is still used in Poland as the basis for żurek, or white borscht, one of the most popular Polish soups. It was made just as Mickiewicz described it: by pouring water on oatmeal and leaving the starchy solution to ferment until it becomes sour and gelatinous enough to be cut with a knife. For ancient Slavs, this was one of the principal staples. A mythical land of plenty is described in Russian fairy tales as rivers of milk between banks of kisiel. The Tale of Bygone Years, a 12th-century chronicle of Kyivan Ruthenia (or Kievan Rus’), even tells a story of how kisiel saved the city of Belgorod from an invasion by the nomadic Pechenegs. During the siege, a respected old Belgorodian man advised his compatriots to dig a deep well, fill it with water and oat starch, and wait until it went sour. Then they invited Pecheneg envoys into the city to show them the well, let them try the kisiel and convince them that they were getting their food straight from the ground, so any further siege made no sense and it would be best for the Pechenegs to go back to the steppe and leave Belgorod alone.[8]
Łukasz Gołębiowski, one of the first Polish ethnographers, said that “the Poles had been always partial to tart dishes, which are somewhat peculiar to their homeland and vital to their health”,[9] but it seems to be true for other Slavic peoples as well. Even so, there must have always been those who tried to balance the sourness with something sweet, be it honey or fruit juices. And so did kisiel eventually evolve into a sweet, fruit-flavoured dish. Finally, in the 19th century, oatmeal gave way to potato starch and thus the kisiel we know today was born. The recipë for apple-flavoured kisiel you can read below, taken from The Lithuanian Cook, is already a relatively modern one; it contains potato starch and sugar, and no fermentation is necessary.
Peel and cut the apples, boil them in water until soft and press through a sieve. Season with cinnamon and sugar, add as much water as to get six glasses of the mixture and combine some of it with a glass of potato starch. Bring the rest to boil, add the potato-starch mixture and stir for a few minutes while cooking. Wash the mould with water, sprinkle with sugar, fill with the kisiel and leave in a cold place. | ||||
— Zawadzka, op. cit., p. 422, own translation
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And finally, just to make the dessert a tad more diverse and make use of some other autumn fruits, let’s add one more recipë from the same source, this one for pear compote. In modern Polish, “kompot” refers to a popular watery drink made from fruits boiled with sugar. In the 19th century, though, the meaning was closer to the French original, that is, a thick and very sweet fruit syrup. In fact, you could simply buy a tin of pears in syrup, pour them into bowls, add some spices and the effect would be almost the same.
Take a dozen or more small pears, peel, cut in halves with a grooved knife, remove the cores and throw the pears into boiling water seasoned with sugar, pieces of cinnamon and cloves. Once the pears are soft, scoop them out, strain and reduce the liquid, add half a pound of sugar […] and a sliced lemon without seeds, boil again until thick and pour on the pears arranged in a bowl. If the pears are large, then cut them into chunks. | ||||
— Zawadzka, op. cit., p. 419–420, own translation
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Full Menu
And so we’ve created a complete menu of a Soplica-style dinner:
References
- ↑ Excerpts quoted from a letter by Antoni Edward Odyniec, Mickiewicz’s travel companion, dated 28 April 1830, quoted in: Izabela Jarosińska: Kuchnia polska i romantyczna, Kraków: 1994, p. 206; quoted in: Agnieszka M. Bąbel: Garnek i księga – związki tekstu kulinarnego z tekstem literackim w literaturze polskiej XIX wieku, in: Teksty Drugie: Teoria literatury, krytyka, interpretacja, 6, Warszawa: Instytut Badań Literackich Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 2000, p. 165
- ↑ Adam Mickiewicz: Pan Tadeusz, or The Last Foray in Lithuania: A Tale of the Gentry during 1811–1812, translated by Marcel Weyland, Book I, verses 262–263
- ↑ Jędrzej Kitowicz: O trunkach, in: Opis obyczajów i zwyczajów za panowania Augusta III, Poznań: 1840, p. 211–212
- ↑ Maria Frankowska: Chołodziec, poezja i piernik, in: Pamiętnik Literacki: czasopismo kwartalne poświęcone historii i krytyce literatury polskiej, 87/1, Warszawa: Instytut Badań Literackich Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 1996, p. 141–151
- ↑ Mickiewicz, op. cit., Book 12, verse 710
- ↑ [Wincentyna Zawadzka]: Kucharka litewska, Wilno: nakładem autorki, 1860, p. 62
- ↑ Mickiewicz, op. cit., Book V, verse 727
- ↑ Елена Токарева: О происхождении сказания о «белгородском киселе», in: Древняя Русь в IX–XI веках: контексты летописных текстов, Зимовники: Зимовниковский краеведческий музей, 2016, p. 42
- ↑ Łukasz Gołębiowski: Domy i dwory, Warszawa: N. Glücksberg, 1830, p. 33
Bibliography
- Agnieszka M. Bąbel: Garnek i księga – związki tekstu kulinarnego z tekstem literackim w literaturze polskiej XIX wieku, in: Teksty Drugie: Teoria literatury, krytyka, interpretacja, 6, Warszawa: Instytut Badań Literackich Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 2000, p. 163–181
- Maria Frankowska: Chołodziec, poezja i piernik, in: Pamiętnik Literacki: czasopismo kwartalne poświęcone historii i krytyce literatury polskiej, 87/1, Warszawa: Instytut Badań Literackich Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 1996, p. 141–151
- O. Kokosznicka: One Sure Defence Against Goshawks and Kites, Or, A New Method Simple For The Raising of Poultry, Vilnius: 1811
- Elena Slobodian: Słownik tematyczny języka poematu Adama Mickiewicza „Pan Tadeusz”, 2011
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