A King Bee: Difference between revisions
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== A King of Bees == | == A King of Bees == | ||
[[File:Rubens Władysław Vasa (detail).jpg|thumb|upright|Prince Vladislav Sigismund Vasa, future king of Poland (r. 1632–1648), as painted in 1624 by Peter Paul Rubens]] | [[File:Rubens Władysław Vasa (detail).jpg|thumb|upright|Prince Vladislav Sigismund Vasa, future king of Poland (r. 1632–1648), as painted in 1624 by Peter Paul Rubens]] | ||
So what's the deal with the king elected by bees? Did any of the Polish monarchs have anything to do with these | So what's the deal with the king elected by bees? Did any of the Polish monarchs have anything to do with these critters? Well, ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' for example, in its 1911 edition, says that King Vladislav IV, the ruler under whose reign Poland reached the peak of its power (which, if you think about it, means that the realm's decline started under his watch), was known the "king of bees". How did he earn this moniker? | ||
{{ Cytat | {{ Cytat | ||
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== Rój urojony? == | == Rój urojony? == | ||
I've found the same amusing anecdote about a swarm of bees which picked the right candidate for the Polish throne, in another English-language book. This one is about bees in folklore and religious beliefs,<ref>{{Cyt | |||
| nazwisko = Ransome | | nazwisko = Ransome | ||
| imię = Hilda M. | | imię = Hilda M. | ||
| Line 97: | Line 97: | ||
| rok = 2004 [1937] | | rok = 2004 [1937] | ||
| strony = 174 | | strony = 174 | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> and it's better than the one cited before in that at least it cites the source. And the source turns out to be a German-language ''History of Beekeeping'' from the late 19th century. Here's what it says on the topic: | ||
{{ Cytat | {{ Cytat | ||
| | | Michael Wyscionsky [sic] received the Polish royal crown from the people, because during the royal election a swarm of bees sat on him. | ||
| oryg = Michael Wiscionsky erhielt vom Volke die polnische Königskrone, weil sich während der Königswahl ein Bienenschwarm auf ihn setzte. | | oryg = Michael Wiscionsky erhielt vom Volke die polnische Königskrone, weil sich während der Königswahl ein Bienenschwarm auf ihn setzte. | ||
| źródło = {{Cyt | | źródło = {{Cyt | ||
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| rok = 1885 | | rok = 1885 | ||
| strony = 63 | | strony = 63 | ||
}}, | }}, own translation | ||
}} | }} | ||
The mysterious Mr. Wisionsky appears here again! But elsewhere in the same book, you can find a more detailed version of the legend. Here, the surname of the king allegedly elected by bees is no longer butchered to the point of being unrecognizable. | |||
{{ Cytat | {{ Cytat | ||
| | | When Prince Michael Korybut Wisniowiecki {{...}} rode to the election field at Wola outside Warsaw, he was accompanied, as well as by his numerous retinue, by a mighty swarm of bees all the way to the place where the primate of Poland proclaimed him king. It was seen as a propitious portent, which would later come true. | ||
| oryg = Als der Fürst Michael Korybut Wisniowiecki {{...}} auf die Königswahlstätte Wola bei Warschau ritt, begleitete ihn außer seinem zahlreichen Gefolge ein mächtiger Bienenschwarm bis zum Platze, auf welchem ihn der Primas von Polen zum Könige ausrief. Es ward dies als eine glückliche Vorbedeutung angesehen, welche sich in der Folge auch bewahrheitet hat. | | oryg = Als der Fürst Michael Korybut Wisniowiecki {{...}} auf die Königswahlstätte Wola bei Warschau ritt, begleitete ihn außer seinem zahlreichen Gefolge ein mächtiger Bienenschwarm bis zum Platze, auf welchem ihn der Primas von Polen zum Könige ausrief. Es ward dies als eine glückliche Vorbedeutung angesehen, welche sich in der Folge auch bewahrheitet hat. | ||
| źródło = ''Ibid.'', [http://digital.zbmed.de/apidologie/content/pageview/2361983 s. 218], | | źródło = ''Ibid.'', [http://digital.zbmed.de/apidologie/content/pageview/2361983 s. 218], own translation | ||
}} | }} | ||
[[File:King Michael Korybut Wisniowiecki.jpg|thumb|upright|left| | [[File:King Michael Korybut Wisniowiecki.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Michael Korybut Wiśniowiecki, King of Poland (r. 1669–1673)]] | ||
So, as you may have guessed by now, "Michael Wiscionsky's" actual name was Michael Korybut Wiśniowiecki (pronounced ''kaw-{{small|RIH}}-boot veesh-nyaw-{{small|VYET}}-skee''). His election to the Polish throne 350 years ago was quite a surprise to pretty much everyone – not least Prince Michael himself. His father, Jeremi Wiśniowiecki, Palatine of Ruthenia, owned vast swaths of land in Ukraine and became a national hero by ruthlessly quelling a Cossack rebellion, but Michael had neither his father's leadership skills nor his wealth. He wasn't even considered a candidate right up to the point when he got elected. | |||
Let's go back 20 years, to the time after King Vladislav IV's death. Both his throne and his wife went to his half-brother (and cousin), John Casimir Vasa. John Casimir never had enough patience to keep any job for long (his CV included stints as a commander of cuirassiers, a viceroy of Portugal, a Jesuit and a cardinal), but hung on relatively long on the Polish throne and under his former sister-in-law's thumb. Until finally, grieved by Marie-Louise's death and disenchanted by the nobility's opposition to his policies, he quit and moved to France, where he holed up in a Benedictine monastery until his death. | |||
[[File:PL Gloger-Encyklopedja staropolska ilustrowana T.2 133-1.jpg|thumb|upright|Ground plan of the royal election field. The Senate, made up of bishops, ministers, palatines and castellans, convened in a special shed (''szopa''), while representatives of the nobility congregated inside a rectangular ditch known as the "circle of knights" (''koło rycerskie''). Other nobles remained outside, grouped by palatinates (provinces).]] | |||
The Polish political scene at the time was divided into two main factions, with different ideas for Poland's foreign policy and its relations with Europe's two major powers – the Habsburg and France. The pro-French faction initially supported two candidates for the throne vacated by John Casimir's abdication – Prince Louis Bourbon, better known as the Grand Condé, and Prince Philip William Wittelsbach, Count Palatine of Neuburg. The pro-Habsburg faction, on the other hand, endorsed Duke Charles Leopold of Lorraine and Bar. The Grand Condé, famous for his skills as a military commander, was perhaps best suited for the job; which is probably why he was also the first to drop out of the race. As always in Polish politics, negative selection prevailed. It was now down to two contenders, neither of whom spared expenses needed to bribe the senators (promises to the nobility came for free). | |||
Where two are fighting, the third wins, as a Polish proverb goes. Eventually, the nobility got tired of the lengthy election and endless bickering among the senators from both factions, and decided to take up the idea advocated by Crown Underchancellor Andrzej Olszowski to elect a so-called "Piast". House Piast was Poland's first royal dynasty, but the idea was not elect someone with actual Piast roots in his family tree (if this had been the case, then Charles Leopold would have stood a better chance, thanks to Cymburgis of Masovia, a Piast duchess who was his great<sup>8</sup>-grandmother in two different lines; besides, the last Piast duke, George William of Brieg, was actually still alive). The idea was simply to elect a native Pole rather than any of the foreign princes. The only question was who specifically was to become this "Piast" king? | |||
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I wtedy właśnie, jak mówi legenda, rój pszczół nadleciał nagle na pole elekcyjne i usiadł na niespodziewającym się niczego księciu Michale, a szlachta uznała, że skoro pszczoły go już wybrały, to reszta jest tylko formalnością. Senatorowie nie mieli innego wyjścia, jak zgodzić się z wyborem owadów i szlachty, i tak zupełnie zaskoczony Michał został królem. | I wtedy właśnie, jak mówi legenda, rój pszczół nadleciał nagle na pole elekcyjne i usiadł na niespodziewającym się niczego księciu Michale, a szlachta uznała, że skoro pszczoły go już wybrały, to reszta jest tylko formalnością. Senatorowie nie mieli innego wyjścia, jak zgodzić się z wyborem owadów i szlachty, i tak zupełnie zaskoczony Michał został królem. | ||
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In the crown which graced the heads of Polish kings there is a diamond bee. It is supposed to remind the rulers that all virtues are to be found in a healthy and energetic* bee state. | In the crown which graced the heads of Polish kings there is a diamond bee. It is supposed to remind the rulers that all virtues are to be found in a healthy and energetic* bee state. | ||