Use the Forks, Henry: Difference between revisions
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| źródło = {{Cyt | | źródło = {{Cyt | ||
| nazwisko = Erasmus of Rotterdam | | nazwisko = Erasmus of Rotterdam | ||
| inni = | | inni = transl. Eleanor Merchant | ||
| tytuł = A Handbook on Good Manners for Children | | tytuł = A Handbook on Good Manners for Children | ||
| wydawca = Random House | | wydawca = Random House | ||
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{{clear}} | {{clear}} | ||
== The | == The Franco-Polish Rap Battle == | ||
Henry’s sudden departure from the country – under cover of the night, without the consent of the parliament or even the knowledge of most of the Wawel court – provoked understandable outrage among the Polish nobility. The king’s conduct left the Poles gravely offended and their anger quickly turned on those Frenchmen who were left behind in Cracow. Some were merely insulted; others suffered physical harm. The king’s compatriots soon followed his example, fleeing in panic and leaving behind nothing but dust – and a few unflattering poems, such as this one: | Henry’s sudden departure from the country – under cover of the night, without the consent of the parliament or even the knowledge of most of the Wawel court – provoked understandable outrage among the Polish nobility. The king’s conduct left the Poles gravely offended and their anger quickly turned on those Frenchmen who were left behind in Cracow. Some were merely insulted; others suffered physical harm. The king’s compatriots soon followed his example, fleeing in panic and leaving behind nothing but dust – and a few unflattering poems, such as this one: | ||
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Once safely out of Poland, Henry headed south across Moravia until he reached Vienna. There, he found the money his mummy had sent him so he could afford his journey home. From that moment on, Henry was no longer in a rush. The threat of being stuck in Poland forever had passed and the French throne – kept warm for her darling boy by Catherine de’ Medici – could wait a little longer. The king chose a roundabout route back to France, skirting the Alps from the south and treating himself to the holiday of a lifetime in northern Italy. The weather there was far milder than in Poland (especially now that summer had arrived), and the culture was, without question, of a considerably higher calibre. And if ever questioned by his mum, he could always claim that his grand tour of Venice, Padua, Ferrara, Mantua and Turin had been a series of highly important diplomatic visits aimed at improving relations between the Italian city-states and France – which, fifteen years after the end of the Italian Wars, were still far from cordial. | Once safely out of Poland, Henry headed south across Moravia until he reached Vienna. There, he found the money his mummy had sent him so he could afford his journey home. From that moment on, Henry was no longer in a rush. The threat of being stuck in Poland forever had passed and the French throne – kept warm for her darling boy by Catherine de’ Medici – could wait a little longer. The king chose a roundabout route back to France, skirting the Alps from the south and treating himself to the holiday of a lifetime in northern Italy. The weather there was far milder than in Poland (especially now that summer had arrived), and the culture was, without question, of a considerably higher calibre. And if ever questioned by his mum, he could always claim that his grand tour of Venice, Padua, Ferrara, Mantua and Turin had been a series of highly important diplomatic visits aimed at improving relations between the Italian city-states and France – which, fifteen years after the end of the Italian Wars, were still far from cordial. | ||
The highlight of the entire journey was undoubtedly the visit to Venice, where Henry was greeted with great enthusiasm by both the highest dignitaries – including the Doge and the Patriarch of Venice – and by ordinary citizens, who no doubt appreciated the fact that the monarch of France and Poland was visiting their city as an honoured guest rather than a bloodthirsty conqueror. Throughout the week of his stay (18–24 July 1574), the king travelled the canals aboard a grand golden galley, surrounded by dozens of gondolas and accompanied by music, cannon salutes and the ringing of bells. He toured local landmarks and art collections, paid visits to luxurious courtesans, attended theatrical performances and firework displays, witnessed a demonstration of Venetian glassmaking and watched a traditional fistfight staged on the Bridge of Fists. And, of course, he enjoyed lavish banquets, which were so extravagant that the authorities of the Venetian Republic had to temporarily suspend | The highlight of the entire journey was undoubtedly the visit to Venice, where Henry was greeted with great enthusiasm by both the highest dignitaries – including the Doge and the Patriarch of Venice – and by ordinary citizens, who no doubt appreciated the fact that the monarch of France and Poland was visiting their city as an honoured guest rather than a bloodthirsty conqueror. Throughout the week of his stay (18–24 July 1574), the king travelled the canals aboard a grand golden galley, surrounded by dozens of gondolas and accompanied by music, cannon salutes and the ringing of bells. He toured local landmarks and art collections, paid visits to luxurious courtesans, attended theatrical performances and firework displays, witnessed a demonstration of Venetian glassmaking and watched a traditional fistfight staged on the Bridge of Fists. And, of course, he enjoyed lavish banquets, which were so extravagant that the authorities of the Venetian Republic had to temporarily suspend local sumptuary laws.<ref>{{Cyt | ||
| tytuł = Studies in the Decorative Arts | | tytuł = Studies in the Decorative Arts | ||
| nazwisko r = Korsch | | nazwisko r = Korsch | ||
| imię r = Evelyn | | imię r = Evelyn | ||
| innie = | | innie = transl. Nicola Imrie | ||
| rozdział = Diplomatic Gifts on Henri III’s Visit to Venice in 1574 | | rozdział = Diplomatic Gifts on Henri III’s Visit to Venice in 1574 | ||
| adres rozdziału = https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/56694782.pdf | | adres rozdziału = https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/56694782.pdf | ||
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}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
With Henry’s demise, the Valois dynasty came to an end and the French throne passed to the Bourbons. The latter were initially less persuaded of the fork than their predecessors. Louis XIV (r. 1643–1715) preferred, throughout his life, to eat conservatively with his fingers. It was only his great‑grandson and successor, Louis XV (r. 1715–1774), who finally grew accustomed to the fork. Across Europe, in fact, the process of adopting the table fork was protracted and gradual. What may have helped accelerate it was the growing popularity of another Italian novelty: pasta. More traditional foodstuffs could still be eaten with the fingers, but pasta – especially the long and thin kind, slippery with sauce – was far easier to twirl on a fork. Italians had long eaten pasta in this way, as attested, for example, in a story by the 14th‑century writer Franco Sacchetti,{{czyt|Franco Sacchetti}} which includes a description of a pasta speed-eating contest. | With Henry’s demise, the Valois dynasty came to an end and the French throne passed to the Bourbons. The latter were initially less persuaded of the fork than their predecessors had been. Louis XIV (r. 1643–1715) preferred, throughout his life, to eat conservatively with his fingers. It was only his great‑grandson and successor, Louis XV (r. 1715–1774), who finally grew accustomed to the fork. Across Europe, in fact, the process of adopting the table fork was protracted and gradual. What may have helped accelerate it was the growing popularity of another Italian novelty: pasta. More traditional foodstuffs could still be eaten with the fingers, but pasta – especially the long and thin kind, slippery with sauce – was far easier to twirl on a fork. Italians had long eaten pasta in this way, as attested, for example, in a story by the 14th‑century writer Franco Sacchetti,{{czyt|Franco Sacchetti}} which includes a description of a pasta speed-eating contest. | ||
{{Cytat | {{Cytat | ||
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[[File:Luca Giordano - Pasta Eater, Allegory of Taste - y1985-35 - Princeton University Art Museum.jpg|thumb|upright|An Italian man eating pasta with his fingers<br>{{small|By Luca Giordano (ca. 1660)}}]] | [[File:Luca Giordano - Pasta Eater, Allegory of Taste - y1985-35 - Princeton University Art Museum.jpg|thumb|upright|An Italian man eating pasta with his fingers<br>{{small|By Luca Giordano (ca. 1660)}}]] | ||
Only here arises a puzzle: I was trying to gather some iconographic examples illustrating the shared history of the fork and pasta, but among all of the early modern paintings I’ve managed to find that show people enjoying pasta, every single one depicts the pasta being grabbed with the fingers! It seems, however, that these paintings mostly portray peasants or the urban poor. Perhaps the image of a pauper greedily stuffing handfuls of pasta into his mouth was more appealing to painters of the time than that of nobles | Only here arises a puzzle: I was trying to gather some iconographic examples illustrating the shared history of the fork and pasta, but among all of the early modern paintings I’ve managed to find that show people enjoying pasta, every single one depicts the pasta being grabbed with the fingers! It seems, however, that these paintings mostly portray peasants or the urban poor. Perhaps the image of a pauper greedily stuffing handfuls of pasta into his mouth was more appealing to painters of the time than that of nobles daintily twirling it on their forks. | ||
In the 18th century, the fork began to evolve. Two straight, pointed prongs were gradually replaced with three – and later four – curved, blunted tines, allowing for easier scooping and reducing the risk of injury. The 19th century brought a whole array of specialized variants: fish forks, oyster forks, cheese forks, dessert forks… Differences in fork etiquette began to emerge as well: some people laid their forks on the table with the tines facing down (the French way), others with the tines facing up (the English way); some held the knife in the right hand and the fork in the left, while others kept fork-shuttling from one hand to another (as Americans still do today). | In the 18th century, the fork began to evolve. Two straight, pointed prongs were gradually replaced with three – and later four – curved, blunted tines, allowing for easier scooping and reducing the risk of injury. The 19th century brought a whole array of specialized variants: fish forks, oyster forks, cheese forks, dessert forks… Differences in fork etiquette began to emerge as well: some people laid their forks on the table with the tines facing down (the French way), others with the tines facing up (the English way); some held the knife in the right hand and the fork in the left, while others kept fork-shuttling from one hand to another (as Americans still do today). | ||
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| adres rozdziału = https://www.folger.edu/blogs/collation/dining-with-the-hermaphrodites/ | | adres rozdziału = https://www.folger.edu/blogs/collation/dining-with-the-hermaphrodites/ | ||
| data = 10 March 2020 | | data = 10 March 2020 | ||
}} | |||
* {{Cyt | |||
| nazwisko = McWilliams | |||
| imię = Mark | |||
| tytuł = Food & Material Culture: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 2013 | |||
| wydawca = Prospect Books | |||
| miejsce = Devon | |||
| rok = 2014 | |||
}} | |||
** {{Cyt | |||
| nazwisko = | |||
| tytuł = Food & Material Culture… | |||
| nazwisko r = Riley | |||
| imię r = Gilian | |||
| rozdział = Table Manners and what they Looked Like: a Discussion of Visual Evidence for what People Ate and how they Handled it | |||
| adres rozdziału = https://books.google.pl/books?id=yj8QDgAAQBAJ&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA256#v=onepage&q&f=false | |||
| strony = 256–263 | |||
}} | |||
** {{Cyt | |||
| tytuł = Food & Material Culture… | |||
| nazwisko r = Young | |||
| imię r = Carolin C. | |||
| rozdział = The Soup that Went into the Tureen: Connecting the Dots between Food and Material Culture | |||
| adres rozdziału = https://books.google.com/books?id=yj8QDgAAQBAJ&lpg=PA1&pg=PA43 | |||
| strony = 33–47 | |||
}} | }} | ||
* {{Cyt | * {{Cyt | ||
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| adres rozdziału = https://www.lhistoire.fr/profession%C2%A0-%C3%A9cuyer-tranchant | | adres rozdziału = https://www.lhistoire.fr/profession%C2%A0-%C3%A9cuyer-tranchant | ||
| rok = 2018 | | rok = 2018 | ||
}} | }} | ||
* {{Cyt | * {{Cyt | ||
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| rok = 2006 | | rok = 2006 | ||
| strony = 441–453 | | strony = 441–453 | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{Nawigacja|poprz=Italian Greens from Italian Queens}} | {{Nawigacja|poprz=Italian Greens from Italian Queens|nast=Who Asked for the Ruskies?}} | ||
[[Category: Anna Jagiellon]] | [[Category: Anna Jagiellon]] | ||