A King Bee
Insects are rarely the first thing that comes to mind when we're thinking about Polish cookery. This is despite the fact that honey bees have played a crucial role in traditional Polish (an not only) cuisine for centuries. In the oldest known description of Poland at the dawn of its history, written by the Sephardi traveler Ibrahim ibn Yaqub, we can already read that Poland was a land full of grain, meat and honey.[1] This opinion was echoed a century and a half later by an anonymous Gaulish monk who praised the country of the Slavs as abounding in "mellifluous forests", "milky cows", "fishy waters" and "fleecy sheep".[2] Was this a reference to the Biblical "land flowing with milk and honey" or mockery made of the northern savages who, rather then feed on bread, wine and olive oil (like the civilized Mediterranean farmers do), make their living by hunting, gathering and herding? Hard to tell; perhaps it was a little of both. Anyway, my point is that it's difficult to imagine Polish cuisine without honey cakes and honey-flavoured gingerbread, honey-sweetened tea, mead and honey liqueurs, such as krupnik or kramambula.
But the bees' culinary role doesn't stop at their sweet secretion. Poland is one of the world's largest producers of temperate-zone fruits largely thanks to these hard-working little fluffy workers in black-and-yellow stripes that pollinate all those Polish apple, pear, cherry, plum, peach and apricot trees, not to mention berries, buckwheat, cucumbers and canola.[3]
While looking for some information about the importance of these insects for the history of Poland, I once came across the following little story in an "encyclopedia" of sweets:
There is an old legend about a vacancy for a Polish crown prince (apparently, the lines of inheritance for heirs were empty), and someone named Michael Wiscionsky was the chosen candidate to fill the vacancy. Why? Because a swarm of bees settled on him during the selection process (history also suggests he was not an outstanding leader nor was he remembered for much of anything but the bee story). The bees have such significance in Poland that a bee made of diamonds remains in the crown of the kings, its presence officially extolling the virtues of the bees. |
— Timothy G. Roufs, Kathleen Smyth Roufs: Sweet Treats around the World: An Encyclopedia of Food and Culture, ABC-CLIO, 2014, p. 272–273
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You can see at the first glance that it's one big pile of ribbish. It wasn't the heir to the throne that was (usually) elected in Poland, but a new king after the previous had died or resigned. The process was called an "election", not "selection". And whatever one might say about the actual power of Polish kings, it was still too important an office to leave the job or picking the right candidate to insects. Besides, no one in Poland has ever heard of King "Wiscionsky" or a diamond bee in any of the crowns known to have been kept in the royal treasury. Yet, someone thought the sotyr was credible enough to put in a book with the word "encyclopedia" in its title, so maybe there is a pollen grain of truth to it?
A Drone on the Throne
So what's the deal with the king elected by bees? Did any of the Polish monarchs have anything to do with these critters? Well, Encyclopædia Britannica for example, in its 1911 edition, says that King Vladislav IV, the ruler under whose reign Poland reached the peak of its power (which, if you think about it, means that the realm's decline started under his watch), was known the "king of bees". How did he earn this moniker?
Wladislaus IV, who succeeded his father in 1632, was the most popular monarch who ever sat on the Polish throne. The szlachta, who had had a “King Log” in Sigismund, were determined that Wladislaus should be “a King Bee who will give us nothing but honey” – in other words they hoped to wheedle him out of even more than they had wrested from his predecessor. Wladislaus submitted to everything. He promised never to declare war or levy troops without the consent of the sejm, undertook to fill all vacancies within a certain time, and released the szlachta from the payment of income-tax, their one remaining fiscal obligation. |
— William Richard Morfill: Poland, in: Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 21, University of Cambridge, 1911, p. 913
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In fact, the nobles, or szlachta, loved Vladislav so much that his election was probably the calmest and shortest in the history of Polish monarchy – nobody else bother to run against everyone's favourite candidate. But the nobles loved those kings who gave them much and required little in return. The more inactive a king, the better. It turns out that the man who first compared the nobles' darling to a lazy drone was Paweł Piasecki, Bishop of Kamieniec, who criticized his majesty in these words:
The king of Poland is in all his public functions like a king of bees, who only brings his subjects honey. […] He has no sting whatsoever, as the lives, personal freedoms and property of the nobility are are completely outside the scope of his power. | ||
— Paweł Piasecki, cyt. w: Karol Szajnocha: Dzieła, vol. IX (Dwa lata dziejów naszych: 1646–1648, dalszy ciąg), Warszawa: Józef Ungier, 1877, p. 36–37, own translation
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It's true that drones, or male bees, have no stings; but they don't produce honey either, so I'm not sure about the accuracy of this simile. But are we sure that Vladislav IV is the same as the king in the election-by-bees story? Not really; neither the first name nor the surname check out. And even though Poland has never had a king by the name "Wiscionsky", it did have one whose name was Michael.
Polling Pollinators
I've found the same amusing anecdote about a swarm of bees which picked the right candidate for the Polish throne, in another English-language book. This one is about bees in folklore and religious beliefs,[4] and it's better than the one cited before in that at least it cites the source. And the source turns out to be a German-language History of Beekeeping from the late 19th century. Here's what it says on the topic:
Michael Wyscionsky [sic] received the Polish royal crown from the people, because during the royal election a swarm of bees sat on him. | ||
— Johann Georg Bessler: Geschichte der Bienenzucht: Ein Beitrag zur Kulturgeschichte, Ludwigsburg: nakładem autora, 1885, p. 63, own translation
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The mysterious Mr. Wisionsky appears here again! But elsewhere in the same book, you can find a more detailed version of the legend. Here, the surname of the king allegedly elected by bees is no longer butchered to the point of being unrecognizable.
When Prince Michael Korybut Wisniowiecki […] rode to the royal election field at Wola outside Warsaw, he was accompanied not only by a numerous retinue, but also by a mighty swarm of bees, all the way to the place where the Primate of Poland proclaimed him king. It was seen as a propitious portent, which would later come true. | ||
— Ibid., s. 218, own translation
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So, as you may have guessed by now, "Michael Wiscionsky's" actual name was Michael Korybut Wiśniowiecki (pronounced kaw-RIH-boot veesh-nyaw-VYET-skee). His election to the Polish throne 350 years ago was quite a surprise to pretty much everyone – not least to Prince Michael himself. His father, Jeremi Wiśniowiecki, Palatine of Ruthenia, owned vast swaths of land in Ukraine and became a national hero by ruthlessly quelling a Cossack rebellion, but Michael had neither his father's leadership skills nor his wealth. He wasn't even considered a candidate right up to the point when he got elected.
Let's go back 20 years, to the time after King Vladislav IV's death. Both his throne and his wife went to his half-brother (and maternal cousin), John Casimir Vasa. John Casimir never had enough patience to keep any job for long (his CV included stints as a commander of cuirassiers, a viceroy of Portugal, a Jesuit and a cardinal), but hung on relatively long on the Polish throne and under his former sister-in-law's thumb. Until finally, grieved by Marie-Louise's death and disenchanted by the nobility's opposition to his policies, he quit and moved to France, where he holed up in a Benedictine monastery until his death.
The Polish political scene at the time was divided into two main factions, with different ideas for Poland's foreign policy and its relations with Europe's two major powers – the Habsburg Monarchy and France. The pro-French party initially supported two candidates for the throne vacated by John Casimir's abdication – Prince Louis Bourbon, better known as the Grand Condé, and Prince Philip William Wittelsbach, Count Palatine of Neuburg. The pro-Habsburg faction, on the other hand, endorsed Duke Charles Leopold of Lorraine. The Grand Condé, famous as an accomplished military commander, was perhaps best suited for the job; which is probably why he was also the first to drop out of the race. As always in Polish politics, negative selection prevailed. It was now down to two contenders, neither of whom spared the expenses needed to bribe the senators (promises to the nobility could be made for free).
Where two are fighting, the third wins, as a Polish proverb goes. Eventually, the nobility got tired of endless bickering among the senators and decided to take up the idea advocated by Crown Underchancellor Andrzej Olszowski to elect a so-called "Piast". House Piast was Poland's first royal dynasty, but the idea was not to elect someone with actual Piast roots in his family tree (if this had been the case, then Charles Leopold would have stood a better chance, thanks to Cymburgis of Masovia, a Piast duchess who was his great8-grandmother in two different lines; besides, the last Piast duke, George William of Brieg, was actually still alive). The idea was simply to elect a native Pole rather than any of the foreign princes. The only question was who specifically was to become this "Piast" king?
And this is when, according to the legend, a swarm of honey bees arrived in the election field and sat on the Polish-born Prince Michael and the nobles concluded that if the bees had already made their pick, then then rest was just formality. All the senators could do was to agree with the choice made by the insects and the nobility, and thus a completely astonished Michael was proclaimed king.
It wasn't just Michael, though, who was totally taken by surprise. The senators and many of the nobles were shocked as well. No wonder his unexpected election was soon being explained away with divine intervention by means of insects and birds (other legends talk of a dove perched atop the Senatorial Shed and an eagle soaring above the Circle of Knights). Interestingly, I've been able to find two eyewitness accounts which actually confirm the presence of a bee swarm in the election field. In details, though, not only do they contradict the legend; they also contradict each other. Let's start with the point of view of Wespazjan Kochowski:
There was one more event, which was taken to foretell a propitious future; during the vote, a swarm of spring bees arrived from the east and settled among the nobles of Łęczyca Palatinate. And they were so gentle that when they dispersed, they bit no one and they soon flew out of sight. It was something to congratulate the king for, an incitement to hope for a felicitous fate. | ||
— Wespazjan Kochowski: Roczników Polski klimakter IV obejmujący dzieje Polski pod panowaniem króla Michała, tłum. August Mosbach, red. Jan Nepomucen Bobrowicz, Lipsk: Księgarnia Zagraniczna, 1853, p. 30, own translation
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But that would mean that the bees did not pick any specific candidate; they just flew into the field, sat down to rest for a while and then flew away. And it was already after Michael had been elected, so all the bees could do was, at best, to approve the choice made by the nobility. You can see exactly this interpretation of the event in an anonymous poem cited by Kochowski:
This swarm confirms our verdict by auspicious omen, | ||
— Ibid.
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The other account belongs to Count de Chavagnac, who in the name of the Habsburg court promoted the Duke of Lorraine as a candidate. In his version, the bees didn't join Prince Michael's retinue, but pestered the Palatine of Podolia on his way to the election field. His report is particularly fascinating, as it reveals large-scale corruption and shady arrangements made behind the scenes – in which Michael's would-be successor, John Sobieski, and his wife, Marie-Casimire Sobieska née d'Arquien, played a crucial role. As it turns out, the Sobieskis, who belonged to the pro-French faction, struck a deal with de Chavagnac that, in return for allowing Charles Leopold to take the Polish throne, Lorraine would ally itself to France against the Habsburgs, Lord Sobieski would receive tracts of land in Ruthenia and 100 thousand francs in cash, Lady Sobieska would get a large diamond and the count would become a marshal of France…
I spent the entire following day, the eve of the election, meeting with senators. I talked with the chaplain to Grand Crown Marshal John Sobieski, who told me that his master hadn't written down the treaty yet, but he would trust my word. The real reason for the delay was that Lady Sobieska had forgotten to include her brother, Lord d'Arquien, in the treaty, and as the election would fall on the feast of Corpus Christi, she wanted to postpone it by one day, so that she would have more time to haggle something out for her brother. The Palatine of Podolia [Aleksander Stanisław Bełżecki], whom she had enlisted into her service, could think of no other way to delay the election than to propose a Piast, that is, a native-born king. He imagined that the Crowners would never agree to a king from Lithuania, nor would the Lithuanians vote for a Crowner king [the Crown and Lithuania were the two constituent nations of the Polish Commonwealth]; that it would cause mayhem and put off the election, giving Sobieski's wife the time to make me accept her conditions. Confident of this scheme, he left her and went to [meet the nobles of] his palatinate, whom he told that on his way he had been harassed by swarms of bees, which led him here, and that it surely meant that a Piast should be elected king, as these were the bees from Piast's own apiary. | ||
— Wyjątek z pamiętników hrabiego de Chavagnac, in: Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz: Zbiór pamiętników historycznych o dawnej Polszcze, red. Jan Nepomucen Bobrowicz, vol. IV, Lipsk: Breitkopf i Haertel, 1839, p. 228–229, own translation
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As you can see, this was a very clever plot, but it didn't quite work out. All because of possibly the biggest miracle in Polish history – the Poles immediately agreed to elect a single common candidate, no other that Michael Wiśniowiecki. It's quite telling that, apart from this one incredible miracle, there is nothing supernatural in either of these accounts. A swarm of bees had come and gone, and it was up to the politicians to assign a symbolic meaning of their choice to a simple natural occurrence. Kochowski is quite straightforward about it:
Wasn't it due to blind fate rather than a miracle that the bees appeared on a beautiful spring day? Whether their numbers had grown and could no longer fit inside their hives, so that entire swarms went looking for new settlements, or they simply left the nest to gather honey in nearby fields, one can presume that only chance led them within the Circle, where they relaxed before flying on. | ||
— Kochowski, op. cit., p. 30, own translation
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After all, it was June, the height of swarming season for honey bees, so the election field may have been swarming with swarms.
Piast the Honey Hunter
It's curious that the Palatine of Podolia purportedly made the association between the bees and "Piast's own apiary", expecting his listeners to recognize the reference. Today, most Poles would be more likely to identify Piast, the legendary progenitor of Poland's native royal dynasty, as a wheelwright, rather than an apiarist. But let's see what old chronicles have to say about Piast's actual profession.
In the oldest version of the legend of Piast, known from the work of the aforementioned anonymous Gaul, Piast kept no bees and made no wheels; he was just a simple ploughman, who treated his unexpected guests to pork and beer, a meal he had prepared for his son's hair-cutting and name-giving ceremony. The story would evolve over the centuries until, in the 16th-century chronicle by Marcin Bielski, Piast eventually became a honey hunter (that is, someone who steals honey from wild bees nesting in tree hollows, rather than keeping bees in hives) and served his guest not beer, but mead.
There lived at that time in Krushvitsa a townsman named Piast, son of Koshichko, a honey hunter (or a wheelwright, according to some), a good, simple and just man. His wife, Repicha, had just given him a son, so he killed a hog and fermented a barrel mead for a pagan name-giving ceremony. […] There was at that time a great crowd in Krushvitsa and there was a shortage of food, so they went to Piast to buy some, but he gave it away for free to anyone who came – the pork and the mead he had prepared for the name-giving – and he had so much that they all could not drink all of the mead nor eat all of the meat. | ||
— Marcin Bielski: Kronika polska, Kraków: Jakub Sibeneycher, 1597, p. 44, own translation
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"Piast the Wheelwright" would eventually prevail over "Piast the Honey Hunter", but during the royal election on 1669, the reference to Piast's apiary wouldn't have risen an eyebrow (even though an apiary is not the same thing as a wild bee nest). A misconception that is still quite alive, though, is that ancient Slavs drank mead, or honey wine, on an everyday basis. In fact, mead has always been a luxury beverage, available only to the affluent and reserved for special occasion. It was beer, as in the original Piast story, that was the everyday thirst-quencher of the common folk.
A What-if Side Note
Dwa lata po porażce w wyborach na króla Sarmatów, Wielki Kondeusz poniósł jeszcze dotkliwszą stratę: jego nadworny kuchmistrz, słynny François Vatel, popełnił samobójstwo. Było to trzeciego dnia wielkiej uczty, którą na zamku Chantilly rękami Vatela wystawiał Kondeusz dla Ludwika XIV. Był piątek, a dostawa ryb nie dojechała na czas, co Vatel uznał za plamę na honorze, którą zmyć mógł jedynie rzucając się (trzykrotnie!) na własną szpadę.
Kto wie, może gdyby Kondeusz był został królem, Vatel żyłby dłużej? Może zrobiłby karierę na polskim dworze, a przypisywany mu wynalazek – bita słodka śmietana – byłby do dziś znany jako „krem warszawski”, a nie „crème Chantilly”? Może poznałby osobiście Stanisława Czernieckiego, którego historyk Karol Estreicher nazwał „polskim Vatelem”? Czerniecki, autor najstarszej drukowanej polskiej książki kucharskiej, przez jakiś czas służył u Michała Wiśniowieckiego, zanim przeszedł na dwór książąt Lubomirskich w Nowym Wiśniczu. O ile ciekawszy niż polityczna rywalizacja Kondeusza z Wiśniowieckim byłby kulinarny pojedynek Vatela z Czernieckim!
Historia potoczyła się jednak inaczej. Królem został Michał, ale nie na długo. Należał bowiem do tych z polskich monarchów, którzy lubili dobrze (i odrobinę za dużo!) zjeść i wypić. Kochowski pisał o nim, iż „w jadle był niewstrzemięźliwy, […] pił daleko więcej piwa niż wina, z solą, cukrem i imbirem.”[6] Powiadano nawet, że kiedy dostał w prezencie od miasta Gdańska tysiąc „jabłek chińskich” (czyli pomarańczy), to skosztował jedną, była smaczna, więc potem drugą, po niej trzecią, bo w sumie czemu nie, aż tu nagle okazało się, że sam zeżarł cały tysiąc.[7] Nic więc dziwnego, że król zmarł w wieku zaledwie 33 lat na wrzody układu pokarmowego.[8]
Po jego śmierci Kondeusz jeszcze raz próbował szczęścia w elekcji polskiego króla – i znowuż bez powodzenia. Tym razem dwór Ludwika XIV postawił na wiernego obrońcę interesów francuskich w Polsce i równie wielkiego smakosza – Jana Sobieskiego.
A Bee-jeweled Crown
Pozostaje jeszcze zagadka owej diamentowej pszczoły, która ponoć zdobiła koronę królów polskich, by przypominać im, "iż wszystkie cnoty można odnaleźć w społeczności pszczół."[9] Sęk w tym, że o tego typu ozdobie nie wspomina żaden ze znawców polskich insygniów królewskich – ani Michał Rożek,[10] ani Jerzy Lileyko.[11] Choć oczywiście pisali tylko o tych koronach, które zachowały się do naszych czasów, albo które wymieniono w inwentarzach skarbca królewskiego. Może któryś z polskich władców nosił koronę prywatną (nie należąca do państwa, a więc nie ujmowaną w inwentarzach) z diamentową pszczołą?
Wzmiankę o owej owadziej ozdobie w koronie polskich królów można znaleźć w cytowanej już Historii pszczelarstwa autorstwa Besslera:
W koronie, która zdobiła głowy polskich królów, znajduje się diamentowa pszczoła. Ma ona przypominać władcom, że wszelkie cnoty można odnaleźć w zdrowej i prężnej społeczności pszczół. | ||
— Bessler, op. cit., s. 218, tłum. własne
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Ale czy mówią o niej jakiekolwiek polskie źródła? Niewiele, ale coś da się znaleźć. Oto fragment artykułu nadesłanego przez anonimowego „pasiecznika z Kresów” do przedwojennego czasopisma Pszczelarz polski. Jest tu mowa zarówno o Piaście kołodzieju-bartniku, jak i o pszczole diamentowej:
Nasi polscy dziejopisarze wspominają o Piaście kołodzieju, jego pasiece i gościnności, a zaś historyk J. Lelewel w książce swej „Pszczoła i bartnictwo polskie” podaje, że w Koronie Polskiej widniała pszczoła diamentowa jako pozostałość po pierwszym królu pszczelarzu i jako symbol narodu polskiego. |
— Pasiecznik z Kresów: Nieco z dziejów bartnictwa w Polsce, in: Pszczelarz polski, sad i pasieka: niezależny ilustrowany miesięcznik, vol. 1, Warszawa: Józef Przyłuski, 1930, p. 45 i n.
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No to mamy konkretny trop! Lelewel faktycznie napisał dzieło pt. Pszczoły i bartnictwo. Zobaczmy więc, co tam napisał o diamentowej pszczole:
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— Joachim Lelewel: Pszczoły i bartnictwo, in: Polska: Dzieje i rzeczy jej, vol. IV, Poznań: J.K. Żupański, 1856, p. 517
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Lelewel skupił się na daninach i karach sądowych opłacanych w miodzie i wosku oraz na historii polskiego prawodawstwa dotyczącego hodowli pszczół. Materii niewątpliwie istotnej, skoro do dzisiaj w ustawie tej rangi co kodeks cywilny mamy osobny artykuł dotyczący pościgu za uciekającym rojem.[12] Ale o pszczelich klejnotach – ani słowa. Dlaczego zatem kresowy pasiecznik, pisząc o diamentowej pszczole powołał się na Lelewela? Wydaje mi się, że po odpowiedź musimy wrócić do dzieła Besslera, który po opisie m.in. elekcji polskiego króla przez pszczoły i pszczelego klejnotu w koronie podaje spis polskiej literatury poświęconej pszczelarstwu. I na pierwszym miejscu w tejże bibliografii jest właśnie dziełko Lelewela! Podejrzewam więc, że pasiecznik z Kresów informację o diamentowej pszczole znalazł u Besslera, a za źródło tej wzmianki uznał pierwszą pozycję z bibliografii. Ale to znaczy, że zatoczyliśmy kółko i nadal nie wiemy, skąd Bessler tę diamentową pszczołę wytrzasnął.
Szukając czegokolwiek o diamentowej pszczole znalazłem coś innego: pszczołę na diamentowej sukience Matki Bożej Częstochowskiej. Zwyczaj ozdabiania najbardziej znanej katolickiej ikony w Polsce tzw. sukienkami, czyli odpowiednio wyciętymi blaszanymi ekranami, obitymi materiałem i obwieszonych klejnotami, trwa już od wieków. Dwie najstarsze, które zachowały się do dziś, to sukienki rubinowa i właśnie diamentowa. Klejnoty przyszywane do sukienek to dary wotywne od wiernych, które przez lata gromadzono w klasztorze paulinów na Jasnej Górze. Wśród wielu motywów religijnych można tam znaleźć też zupełnie świeckie ozdoby, które darczyńcy nosili na sobie, zanim oddali je w prezencie „pannie świętej, co jasnej broni Częstochowy”. Na sukience, zwanej diamentową, oprócz ozdób w kształcie motyli, można też znaleźć jedną pszczołę.
Choć na całej sukience dominują diamenty, to sama pszczoła jest aukrat z innych materiałów. Na ile byłem w stanie stwierdzić na oko, to tułów zrobiony jest z oszlifowanego na kwadrat szmaragdu, a odwłok to perła z wyżłobioną w niej segmentacją. Jest to zapewne zapinka lub sztuczka (coś jak broszka, tylko przyszywana, a nie przypinana) wykonana w Polsce w XVII lub XVIII w.[13] Czy zanim podarowano ją klasztorowi, mogła zdobić królewską koronę? Raczej nie. A jakąś inną część królewskiego stroju? To już prędzej. Wśród wielu ozdób na jasnogórskich sukienkach są i takie, o których wiadomo, że pochodzą z darów królewskich. Może i szmaragdowo-perłową pszczołę podarował któryś z polskich królów bądź królowych?
Gdyby ktoś chciał tej pszczole przyjrzeć się z bliska, to do 4 sierpnia ma niepowtarzalną okazję. Diamentowa sukienka po raz pierwszy opuściła mury klasztoru i można ją podziwiać (ale, niestety, nie fotografować) na wystawie „Rządzić i olśniewać” na zamku warszawskim.
References
- ↑ Relacja Ibrahim ibn Jakuba z podróży do krajów słowiańskich w przekazie al-Bekriego, tłum. Tadeusz Kowalski; in: Monumenta Poloniae Historica, seria II, vol. I, Kraków: 1946, p. 50
- ↑ Anonim tak zwany Gall: Kronika polska, tłum. Roman Grodecki, 1975
- ↑ Nie tylko miód: Wartość ekonomiczna zapylania upraw rolniczych w Polsce w roku 2015, Warszawa: Fundacja Greenpeace Polska, 2016, p. 9–12
- ↑ Hilda M. Ransome: The Sacred Bee in Ancient Times and Folklore, Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, 2004 [1937], p. 174
- ↑ Zygmunt Gloger: Encyklopedia staropolska, vol. I, Warszawa: 1900, p. 121
- ↑ Wespazjan Kochowski: Roczników Polski klimakter IV obejmujący dzieje Polski pod panowaniem króla Michała, tłum. August Mosbach, red. Jan Nepomucen Bobrowicz, Lipsk: Księgarnia Zagraniczna, 1853, p. XIII
- ↑ Narcisse-Achille de Salvandy: Dzieje panowania Michała Wiszniowieckiego Króla Polskiego, Wielkiego X. Litewskiego itd., tłum. X.G., Lwów: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1849, p. 71
- ↑ Hanna Widacka: Choroba i śmierć króla Michała, in: Silva Rerum, Warszawa: Muzeum Pałacu Króla Jana III w Wilanowie
- ↑ Hilda M. Ransome: The Sacred Bee in Ancient Times and Folklore, Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, 2004 [1937], p. 174, tłum. własne
- ↑ Michał Rożek: Polskie koronacje i korony, Kraków: Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, 1987
- ↑ Jerzy Lileyko: Regalia polskie, Warszawa: Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, 1987
- ↑ Ustawa z dnia 23 kwietnia 1964 r. – Kodeks cywilny, Dz.U. 1964 nr 16 poz. 93, art. 182
- ↑ Ewa Smulikowska: Ozdoby obrazu Matki Boskiej Częstochowskiej jako zespół zabytkowy, in: Juliusz Starzyński: Rocznik Historii Sztuki, vol. X, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich – Wydawnictwo Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 1974, p. 217
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In the crown which graced the heads of Polish kings there is a diamond bee. It is supposed to remind the rulers that all virtues are to be found in a healthy and energetic* bee state.