Cooking according to centuries-old recipes can be a real challenge even for experienced chefs. There are, however, dishes so simple that even beginner cooks could hardly fail to get them right – whether hundreds of years ago or today (let alone today, I should say, with modern kitchen tools at our disposal). So here's a handful of easy recipes I've picked for culinary novices from the oldest cookbook ever printed in Polish.
A Collection of Dishes
The book in question, first published in 1682, was written by Stanisław Czerniecki (pronounced stah-NEE-swahf churn-YET-skee), a steward and chef at the court of the princely house of Lubomirski. He gave it a bilingual (Latin-Polish) title, Compendium ferculorum, albo Zebranie potraw (A Collection of Dishes), but the contents were entirely in Polish (contrary to what Ms. Mary Ellen Snodgrass suggested in her Encyclopedia of Kitchen History, where she described Compendium ferculorum as Poland's "Latin standard"[1]). Czerniecki was well aware that his was the first cookbook to be published in his native tongue. "As no one before me has yet wished to present to the world such useful knowledge in our Polish language," he wrote in his opening line, "I have dared, […] despite my ineptitude, to offer my […] collection of dishes to the Polish world."[2] The author divided his work into three chapters of about one hundred recipes each, for meat dishes, fish dishes and other dishes, respectively.
The recipes, though, are not easy to follow. First, they're in Polish, which may be an inconvenience, if you don't speak the language. But even you did, you'd still have to wade through 17th-century Polish spelling, interpunction and typeface. Let's take the example below. You could probably make out the name of the dish, printed in roman type, but what about the actual recipe, written in blackletter?
But don't worry; I've translated it for you:
| Yellow Dish in Good Sauce, in the Royal Style Take a hazel grouse or a partridge, small birds or pigeons, a capon or veal, or whatever [kind of meat] you want; soak in water, put in a pot, salt, bring to boil, debone, cover again with the stock, add parsley; and when boiling, add coulis [thick vegetable sauce], vinegar, sugar, saffron, pepper, cinnamon, both kinds of raisins, and limes; bring to boil and serve in a bowl. | ||
| — Stanisław Czerniecki: Compendium ferculorum albo Zebranie potraw, Kraków: w drukarni Jerzego i Mikołaja Schedlów, 1682, p. 15, own translation
Original text:
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That's better, isn't it? But I bet you'd still have a hard time actually cooking from this recipe. Where's the list of ingredients? Where are the quantities and proportions? What about caloric contents? Cooking time and temperatures? How many people does it serve? We've got used to taking certain elements of a cooking recipe for granted, but it turns out that in the 17th century they just hadn't been invented yet.
Another thing we take for granted is that it's usually the same person who buys a cookbook, reads it and cooks according to its recipes. In the 17th century, though, it was quite normal for these three roles to be separated. The book would have been purchased by someone who could afford it, that is, a rich nobleman or a magnate (the Polish equivalent of an aristocrat). Or, rather, it would have been his wife, the lady of the house. She wouldn't have bought the book for herself, however, but for the head chef (or "master cook") she'd had employed. It was the head chef's job to manage the entire kitchen staff, order the necessary ingredients from external suppliers and make decisions about what would be served on the lord's table (having agreed the menu and the costs with the lady). So the recipes in the cookbook would have been read by the head chef – an experienced professional who didn't need all the proportions, temperatures and cooking times, because he already kept this knowledge in his head. But here comes another twist: he would have read the recipes aloud – not to himself, but to the kitchen staff, who would actually carry the instructions out. We can tell this by the grammatical forms used in the book; it's always the singular second-person imperative, indicating a direct order that you could issue to your subordinate, but never to a magnate's wife (the owner of the book). Czerniecki, for example, would have never addressed his own employer, Princess Helena Tekla Lubomirska, by the familiar "ty" ("thou"), but consistently called her "Your Princely Grace, my Most Charitable Lady and Benefactress".
Let's go back to the recipe. What do we have here? Stewed meat with sweet, sour and spicy seasoning; taste combinations that most Poles today would consider typical for Indian or Thai cuisines, but never for Old Polish cookery. And yet, this is exactly the kind of cooking that the Polish lords of yore would have priced the most and this is what we will find throughout Czerniecki's cookbook. So does it even make sense to recreate these old recipes, if the final effect may well turn out inedible to our modern palates?
Eggy Recipes
Don't worry: among more than 300 recipes contained in Compendium ferculorum you can find a few dishes so simple that they haven't changed all that much throughout the ages and their recipes look surprisingly familiar, even if written in a rather old-fashioned style. These are mostly egg-based dishes, so they probably have been around about as long as people have been raising chickens. Let's start with the most trivial recipe, which is that for scrambled eggs:
| Simple Scrambled Eggs Beat the eggs, pour onto butter in a clay pot and, having fried them, serve in the pot; you may also chop up finely some young green onions or parsley. | ||
| — Op. cit., p. 74
Original text:
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Today we would rather use a teflon pan than a clay pot, but otherwise the recipe hasn't changed one bit. The dish is so pedestrian that it's weird the recipe ever found its way into a cookbook written for master chefs working at magnate courts.
If you deem the scrambled eggs to easy for you and would like to try something a tad more challenging, then check out this recipe for thin pancakes, which are know in English as crêpes:
| Crêpe Beat eggs together with milk and some flour, grease a clay pot or pan with butter, pour small amounts [of the mixture into the pot], fry into thin [pancakes] and serve drenched with [melted] butter. | ||
| — Op. cit., p. 75
Original text:
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And here's one more egg-based recipe; this one is for a kind of sweet omelette, which Czerniecki refers to by a now old-fashioned Polish term, "grzybek", or literally "a little mushroom":
| Omelette Beat eggs with milk; if you want, you can add some flour too, but it's better without the flour; add small raisins and cinnamon, pour onto hot butter in a clay pot, fry and flip, and once fried, dust with sugar and serve. | ||
| — Op. cit., p. 75
Original text:
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Winey Eggs
There's a breakfast dish popular with Polish college students that is known under the fancy name, "jajecznica na winie", which literally means "scrambled eggs on wine". This is a joke name, of course; which college student would waste good wine (or even not so good wine) by adding it to scrambled eggs? The name actually comes from the expression "co się nawinie", meaning "whatever is at hand", which is exactly what ingredients are added to the dish (other than the mandatory eggs, that is).
And yet, we can find in Czerniecki's cookbook, beside the "simple scrambled eggs", a recipe for "jajecznica z winem", or "scrambled eggs with wine". This time, it's no joke; it's an egg dish made with actual wine. Here it goes:
| Eggs fried with wine Melt butter in a clay pot, break eggs into wine and beat together with sugar and cinnamon; pour onto hot butter; once fried, serve in the pot and do not stir. | ||
| — Op. cit., p. 74
Original text:
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The last instruction ("do not stir") indicates that it's not really scrambled eggs, but again a kind of sweet omelette (apparently, the word "jajecznica" had a broader meaning in Czerniecki's times than it has today).
I've decided to try out this recipe myself. I used three eggs, a teaspoon of sugar, a pinch each of salt and cinnamon and ⅓ glass of wine. Hungarian wine was the most popular with 17th-century Poles, so I chose a sweet Tokay for this dish.
I beat the eggs with the pinch of salt, then I added the sugar, cinnamon and wine, and poured the whole mixture onto a butter-greased pan. The original recipe doesn't call for raisins, but I figured they wouldn't make the dish any less authentic and added them as well.
The egg batter was quite fluffy at first, but then collapsed, which I believe was caused by the addition of wine, as it had never happened to me in regular omelettes. At least it was easy to fold this omelette in half and even in quarter.
I fried it a little more, flipped onto a plate (taking advantage of using a teflon pan rather than a clay pot) and dusted with powdered sugar (or "sugar flour", as Czerniecki would have called it).
I liked the distinctive winey aroma, which subtly contrasted with the sweetness of the sugar. And, what's also important, I was quite filled with this simple breakfast.
References
- ↑ Mary Ellen Snodgrass: Encyclopedia of Kitchen History, New York, London: Fitzroy Dearborn, 2004, p. 270
- ↑ Stanisław Czerniecki: Compendium ferculorum albo Zebranie potraw, Kraków: w drukarni Jerzego i Mikołaja Schedlów, 1682, Dedication, own translation
Bibliography
If you'd like to take a look at the original 1682 edition of Compendium ferculorum, then scans are available at Polona, the official website of the Polish National Library. But there's even better news: you can buy a modern English translation, with Prof. Jarosław Dumanowski's commentary, published by the Palace Museum of Wilanów as part of the Monumenta Poloniae Culinaria series:
- Stanisław Czerniecki: Compendium ferculorum or Collection of Dishes, Jarosław Dumanowski, Magdalena Spychaj (ed.), Warszawa: Muzeum Pałac w Wilanowie, 2014
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